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. 2021 Feb 6;47:101180. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101180

Figure 6.

Figure 6

OXPHOS level and oxidative stress of astrocytes increased after glycolysis inhibition. Astrocytes were treated with 5 μM of Aβ1-42 for 24 h or incubated with 100 nM of GLP-1 for 2 h before treatment with Aβ1-42 according to the groups. In the Aβ + GLP-1 + 2-DG group, astrocytes were pretreated with 10 mM of 2-DG 1 h prior to incubation with GLP-1 and Aβ1-42. (A–C) Glycolytic products of lactate (A) and NAD+ (B and C). (D) Relative expression of PDK2 and PDH by Western blotting. (E) ATP production of astrocytes in the different groups. (F–H) Fluorescence images of total and mitochondrial ROS in the different groups. Mitochondria were marked by MitoTracker Green; total and mitochondrial ROS were marked by DCFH-DA and MitoSox, respectively. For DCFH-DA, scale bars: 100 μm; for MitoTracker Green and MitoSox, scale bars: 10 μm. (I) GSH content in the different groups. (J–M) The basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), maximal OCR, and mitochondrial ATP production in the different groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 3–5 wells/group. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, control vs Aβ group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, Aβ vs Aβ + GLP-1 group; &P < 0.05, &&P < 0.01, &&&P < 0.001, Aβ + GLP-1 vs Aβ + GLP-1 + LY group.