. 2021 Feb 24;21:129. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02517-x

Table 2.

Change in medical students attitudes toward the underserved (MS-ATU) throughout medical education

Author	Country	Scale	1st year	2nd year	3d year	4th year	5th year	Mean difference (%)	Significance
Dornbush et al. 1985 [16]	US	ATSIM^a	168.11	–	165.85	–	–	−2.26 (1.3%)	NS
Ewan, 1987 [32]	Australia	ATSIM	175.9	–	–	179.4	–	+ 3.5 (1.9%)	NS
Ewan, 1988 [33]	Australia	ATSIM	–	–	–	176	167	−9.0 (5.1%)	p < 0.001
Dornbush et al. 1991 [34]	US	ATSIM	213.81		195.15	–	–	−18.66 (8.7%)	p = 0.037
Crandall et al. 1993 [12]	US	MSATU^a	66.3	–	–	60.8	–	−5.5 (8.3%)	p < 0.001
Crandall et al. 1997 [13] (women)	US	MSATU	54.1	48.4	47.6	43.5	–	−10.6 (22.2%)	p < 0.001
Crandall et al. 1997 [13] (men)	US	MSATU	48.6	44.4	44.7	40.9	–	−7.7 (15.8%)	p < 0.001
Schwartz & Loten, 2004 [43]	New Zealand	ATSIM	13.46	13.61	12.9	–	–	− 0.56 (4.2%)	NA
Schwartz & Loten, 2004 [43]	Hawaii	ATSIM	14.75	14.54	14.21	14.31	–	−0.44 (2.9%)	NA
Schwartz & Loten, 2004 [43]	Australia	ATSIM	13.21	–	13	–	–	−0.21 (1.6%)	NA
Wolloschuk et al. 2004 [45]	Canada	ATSIM	187.2	182.01	–	176.05	–	−11.15 (5.9%)	p < 0.001
Godkin et al. 2006 [47]	US	MSATU	3.98	–	–	3.81	–	−0.17 (4.3%)	p < 0.05
Crandall et al. 2008 [51]	US	MSATU	52.8	51.4	–	46.6	–	−6.2 (11.7%)	p < 0.01
Wayne et al. 2011 [54]	US	MSATU	54.9	–	–	50.4	–	−4.5 (8.2%)	NA
Jilani et al. 2015 [18]	US	ATP^b	48.15	–	–	51.69	–	+ 3.54 (7.4%)	p = 0.016
Stephens et al. 2015 [63]	US	MSATU	46.02	–	–	41.7	–	−4.32 (9.4%)	p < 0.01

MSATU Medical Student Attitude Toward the Underserved scale; ATSIM Attitudes Toward Social Issues in Medicine scale; ATP Attitudes Toward Poverty*

^a Higher score in ATSIM and MSATU indicate a more favorable attitude toward the underserved^15,16

^b Higher score in ATP indicate a less favorable attitude toward the underserved^17,18