Table 4.
Summary of 62 case reports identified through our search strategy that reported thyroid carcinomas within hot nodules. (AFTN autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, TMNG toxic multinodular goiter, FTC follicular thyroid carcinoma, FVPTC follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, MTC medullary thyroid carcinoma, PTC papillary thyroid carcinoma)
| Authors | Year | Study Title | Journal Title | Sample size | Age | Single or multiple toxic nodules | Type of thyroid carcinoma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abs, R., et al. | 1991 | Hyperfunctioning metastatic follicular thyroid-carcinoma in Pendreds syndrome | Cancer | 1 | 66 | TMNG | FTC (metastatic) |
| Alaoui, N. I. and N. Ben Rais | 2011 | Association of hyperthyroidism and well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (medullary excluded). A propos of seven cases. | Medecine Nucleaire-Imagerie Fonctionnelle Et Metabolique | 7 | 41.4 | 4 Graves’ disease, 2 single AFTN, 1 TMNG | 5 PTC, 2 FTC |
| Appetecchia, M. and M. Ducci [41] | 1998 | Hyperfunctioning differentiated thyroid carcinoma. | Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 1 | AFTN | PTC | |
| Ardito, G., et al. [42] | 1997 | Papillary thyroid carcinoma mimicking an autonomous functioning nodule. | European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 1 | AFTN | PTC | |
| Bajja, M. Y., et al. [43] | 2017 | Mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid: A case report and review of the literature. | Annales D Endocrinologie | 1 | 74 | AFTN | Mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid |
| Barrande, G., et al. | 1997 | Two thyroid carcinomas mimicking toxic adenomas. | Presse Medicale | 2 | 35 and 55 | AFTN | |
| Becker, F. O., et al. | 1963 | The occurrence of carcinoma in “hot” thyroid nodules. Report of two cases. | Annals of Internal Medicine | 2 | |||
| Bircan, R., et al. | 2007 | The second follicular thyroid carcinoma presenting as a hot thyroid nodule with a somatic 1486F TSH-Receptor (TSHR) gene mutation. | Hormone Research | 1 | FTC | ||
| Bitterman, A., et al. [44] | 2006 | Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a hot nodule. | Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery | 1 | 66, 57, 59 | AFTN & TMNG | PTC & 2 FTC |
| Bommireddipalli, S., et al. [45] | 2010 | Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a toxic nodule by I-123 scintigraphy. | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 1 | 63 | AFTN | FVPTC |
| Bourasseau, I., et al. | 2000 | No evidence of thyrotropin receptor and G(s alpha) gene mutation in high iodine uptake thyroid carcinoma. | Thyroid | 4 | Mean age 41.1 | 3 AFTN, 1 TMNG | 2 PTC and 2 FTC |
| Calimon, M. A. P. and S. W. Lim-Uy [46] | 2014 | Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in an Autonomous Hyperfunctioning Thyroid Nodule. | Endocrine Reviews | 1 | AFTN | PTC | |
| Camacho, P., et al. [47] | 2000 | A Phe 486 thyrotropin receptor mutation in an autonomously functioning follicular carcinoma that was causing hyperthyroidism. | Thyroid | 1 | 49 | AFTN | FTC |
| Campenni, A., et al. [32] | 2011 | Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a toxic nodule in an adolescent girl | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | 1 | 15 | AFTN | PTC |
| Castelli, V., et al. | 1994 | Occurrence of papillary carcinoma in a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule: report of a case and diagnostic considerations | Thyroidology | 1 | PTC | ||
| Cirillo, R. L., Jr., et al. [48] | 1998 | Metastatic pure papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a toxic hot nodule. | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 1 | AFTN | PTC (metastatic) | |
| Clement, K., et al. [49] | 1991 | Thyroid cancer revealed by an extinctive hot nodule | Presse Medicale | 1 | 62 | ||
| Damle, N., et al. [33] | 2011 | Papillary carcinoma masquerading as clinically toxic adenoma in very young children. | Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism | 2 | 6 months and 5y | AFTN | PTC |
| De Rosa, G., et al. [50] | 1990 | Thyroid carcinoma mimicking a toxic adenoma. | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine | AFTN | |||
| Ducci, M., et al. [34] | 1996 | Differentiated carcinoma in autonomously functioning thyroid nodule: case report. | Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica: organo ufficiale della Società italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale | 1 | 13 | AFTN | PTC |
| Einert, A., et al. [51] | 1995 | A combination of unifocal thyroid autonomy and follicular carcinoma - A case report | Radiologe | 1 | 53 | AFTN | FTC |
| Emmrich, P., et al. [52] | 2001 | Unifocal autonomous thyroid nodule and carcinoma. | Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie | 2 | AFTN | FTC and PTC | |
| Foppiani, L., et al. [53] | 2005 | Heterogeneous malignancy in toxic thyroid nodules | Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 3 | 68, 38, & 62 | 2 AFTN, 1 TMNG | 3 FTC |
| Fuhrer, D., et al. [54] | 2003 | Two somatic TSH receptor mutations in a patient with toxic metastasising follicular thyroid carcinoma and non-functional lung metastases. | Endocrine-Related Cancer | 1 | 59 | TMNG | FTC |
| Fujimoto, Y., et al. | 1972 | Occurrence of papillary carcinoma in hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule. Report of a case. | Endocrinologia Japonica | 1 | |||
| Fukata, S., et al. [55] | 1987 | Thyroid carcinoma and hot nodule | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine | 1 | 70 | AFTN | PTC |
| Gardner, D. and S. C. Ho | 2014 | A rare cause of hyperthyroidism: functioning thyroid metastases | BMJ Case Reports | 1 | 66 | TMNG | FVPTC |
| Gozu, H. et al. [67] | 2004 | Does a Leu 512 Arg thyrotropin receptor mutation cause an autonomously functioning papillary carcinoma? | Thyroid | 1 | ? | TMNG | PTC |
| Kim, T. S., et al. | 2007 | A rare case of hyperfunctioning papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland | Acta Oto-Laryngologica | 1 | 32 | AFTN | FVPTC |
| Kuan, Y. C. and F. H. Tan | 2014 | Thyroid papillary carcinoma in a ‘hot’ thyroid nodule. | Qjm | 1 | 60 | AFTN | FVPTC |
| Lado-Abeal J. et al [68] | 2010 | Identification of a paired box gene 8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PAX8-PPAR gamma) rearrangement mosaicism in a patient with an autonomous functioning follicular thyroid carcinoma bearing an activating mutation in the TSH receptor | Endocrine-Related Cancer | 1 | 55 | TMNG | FTC |
| Lima, M. J., et al. | 2018 | Autonomously hyperfunctioning cystic nodule harbouring thyroid carcinoma - Case report and literature review.” | International Journal of Surgery Case Reports | 1 | 49 | AFTN | FVPTC |
| Majima, T., et al. [56] | 2005 | Papillary thyroid carcinoma without metastases manifesting as an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule. | Endocrine Journal | 1 | 59 | AFTN | PTC |
| Marcelino, M., et al. [28] | 2014 | Anaplastic carcinoma and toxic multinodular goiter: an unusual presentation | European Thyroid Journal | 1 | 70 | TMNG | Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma |
| Mircescu, H., et al. [35] | 2000 | Hyperfunctioning malignant thyroid nodule in an 11-year-old girl: pathologic and molecular studies. | Journal of Pediatrics | 1 | 11 | AFTN | PTC |
| Mirfakhraee, S., et al. [8] | 2013 | A solitary hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule harboring thyroid carcinoma: review of the literature | Thyroid research | 1 | 29 | AFTN | FTC |
| Nagai, G. R., et al. | 1987 | Scintigraphic hot nodules and thyroid carcinoma | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 3 | 2 FTC and 1 PTC | ||
| Nemec, J., et al. [57] | 1980 | Metastatic thyroid cancer with severe hyperthyroidism mimicking independent hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma, showing transition to water-clear-tumour. | Endokrinologie | 1 | AFTN | FTC (metastatic) | |
| Niepomniszcze, H., et al. [58] | 2006 | Follicular carcinoma presenting as autonomous functioning thyroid nodule and containing an activating mutation of the TSH receptor (T620I) and a mutation of the Ki-RAS (G12C) genes. | Thyroid | 1 | 64 | AFTN | FTC |
| Nishida, A. T., et al. [59] | 2008 | Multifocal hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma without metastases. | Auris, Nasus, Larynx | 1 | 62 | TMNG | PTC |
| Polyzos, S. A. and D. G. Goulis [30] | 2011 | Coincidental thyroid papillary microcarcinoma in a patient treated for a toxic adenoma of the thyroid. | Archives of Iranian Medicine | 1 | AFTN | PTC (microcarcinoma) | |
| Rees, D. O., et al. [36] | 2015 | Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: an unusual cause of thyrotoxicosis. | BMJ Case Reports | 1 | 16 | AFTN | FVPTC |
| Rivas, I., et al. [29] | 1995 | Medullary thyroid carcinoma mimicking an autonomous functioning nodule | Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 1 | 42 | AFTN | MTC |
| Rubenfeld, S. and T. M. Wheeler | 1988 | Thyroid cancer presenting as a hot thyroid nodule: report of a case and review of the literature | Thyroidology | 1 | AFTN | ||
| Ruggeri, R. M., et al. [37] | 2013 | Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as toxic nodule in an adolescent: coexistent polymorphism of the TSHR and Gsalpha genes. | Thyroid | 1 | 15 | AFTN | FVPTC |
| Russo, D. et al. [70] | 1997 | Detection of an activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a case of an autonomously hyperfunctioning thyroid insular carcinoma | JCEM | 1 | 60 | AFTN | Insular carcinoma |
| Russo, D. et al. [69] | 1999 | A Val 677 activating mutation of the thyrotropin receptor in a Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma associated with thyrotoxicosis | Thyroid | 1 | 42 | AFTN | Hurthle cell carcinoma |
| Sablayrolles, B., et al. | 1983 | Thyroid carcinoma presenting as a hot nodule in a child | Archives Francaises De Pediatrie | 1 | |||
| Salih, A. M., et al. | 2016 | Hyperfunctioning papillary thyroid carcinoma: A case report with literature review. | nternational Journal of Surgery Case Reports | 1 | 40 | TMNG | PTC |
| Sandler, M. P., et al. [60] | 1988 | Thyroid carcinoma masquerading as a solitary benign hyperfunctioning nodule | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 1 | AFTN | PTC | |
| Sato, Y., et al. | 1998 | Hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma concomitant with papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid adenoma and primary hyperparathyroidism. | Endocrine Journal | 1 | 67 | TMNG | PTC |
| Schmidt, S., et al. | 2016 | Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules (toxic adenoma)-underestimated risk of malignancy? | Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery | 1 | 72 | TMNG | PTC |
| Schneider, P. W., et al. [61] | 2000 | A clear cell variant of follicular carcinoma presenting as an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule. | Thyroid | 1 | AFTN | FTC | |
| Sevinc, B., et al. | 2018 | Papillary thyroid carcinoma after radioactive iodine treatment for toxic thyroid nodule: Case report. | Marmara Medical Journal | 1 | 55 | AFTN | PTC |
| Siddiqui, A. R. and S. Karanauskas [38] | 1995 | Hurthle cell-carcinoma in an autonomous thyroid nodule in an adolescent | Pediatric Radiology | 1 | 16 | AFTN | Hurthle cell carcinoma |
| Simsek, E., et al. | 2014 | Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in an Autonomous Hyperfunctioning Thyroid Nodule in an Adolescent | Endocrine Reviews | 1 | AFTN | PTC (metastatic) | |
| Sobel, R. J., et al. | 1985 | Papillary carcinoma and the solitary autonomously functioning nodule of the thyroid. | Israel Journal of Medical Sciences | 3 | AFTN | PTC | |
| Stahl, A., et al. [62] | 2002 | Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in a scintigraphically hot nodule: diagnosis and interdisciplinary therapeutical approach. | Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift | 1 | 57 | AFTN | Metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma |
| Tangari, A., et al. [31] | 2011 | Hot nodule harboring a papillary microcarcinoma in a girl from an iodine sufficient area. | Hormone Research in Paediatrics | 1 | 3 | AFTN | PTC (microcarcinoma) |
| Tfayli, H. M., et al. [39] | 2010 | Papillary thyroid carcinoma in an autonomous hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule: case report and review of the literature | Thyroid | 1 | 11 | AFTN | PTC |
| Uludag, M., et al. | 2008 | Autonomously functioning thyroid nodule treated with radioactive iodine and later diagnosed as papillary thyroid cancer. | Hormones | 1 | 36 | AFTN | PTC (columnar type) |
| Wong, C. P., et al. [63] | 2003 | Thyrotoxicosis: a rare presenting symptom of Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 1 | AFTN | Hurthle cell carcinoma |