Table 1. Clinical development programs of biologics in allergic rhinitis (most advanced study phase reported).
| Substance name | Mechanism of action | Indication | Study phase | References | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Talizumab | IgE – antagonist | * | I | 1997 [18] | Tanox |
| MEDI4212 | IgE – antagonist | * | I | 2016 [13] | MedImmune LLC |
| Ligelizumab | IgE – antagonist | A | I | 2014 [14] | Novartis |
| PF-06444753 and PF-06444752 | AHD and AHD+TLR-9 agonist, vaccine inducing anti-IgE antibodies |
* | I | 2015** | Pfizer |
| XmAb7195 | IgE – antagonist | * | I | 2017** | Xencor, Inc. ICON Early Phase Services, LLC |
| MT-2990 | MAB*** | * | I | 2018** | Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation |
| VAK-694 | MAB against interleukin 4 | * | IIa | 2011 [15] | Novartis |
| Dectrekumab | MAB against interleukin-13 | * | II | 2008** | Novartis |
| GSK2245035 | TLR-7 agonist | * | II | 2015 [17] | GlaxoSmithKine |
| Dupilumab | MAB against IL-4 and IL-13 receptor | A, AD, CRS | II | 2019 [16] | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals |
| Omalizumab | MAB against IgE | A, CSU | III | 2018** | Novartis |
A = asthma; AD = atopic dermatitis; AHD = aluminium hydroxide; CRS = chronic rhinosinusitis; CSU = chronic spontaneous urticaria. *Indication pending; **trial results (full publication) unpublished; ***MAB with undefined target.