Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Total | No AAC | AAC | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 280 | 79 | 201 | |
| Randomized to intervention group | 164 (58.6) | 46 (58.2) | 118 (58.7) | 1.00 |
| Female gender | 88 (31.4) | 28 (35.6) | 60 (29.9) | 0.45 |
| Age (years) | 61.0 [51.7, 68.0] | 49.0 [39.5, 60.0] | 64.0 [57.0, 70.0] | < 0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 251 (89.6) | 68 (86.1) | 183 (91.0) | |
| Non-Caucasian | 29 (10.4) | 11 (13.9) | 18 (9.0) | |
| Diagnosisa | 0.04 | |||
| Diabetic Nephropathy | 30 (10.7) | 5 (6.3) | 25 (12.4) | |
| Renovascular | 87 (31.1) | 17 (21.5) | 70 (34.8) | |
| Glomerulonephritis | 53 (18.9) | 20 (25.3) | 33 (16.4) | |
| Interstitial Nephritis | 30 (10.7) | 13 (16.5) | 17 (8.5) | |
| Congenital | 25 (8.9) | 9 (11.4) | 16 (8.0) | |
| Unknown | 55 (19.6) | 15 (19.0) | 40 (19.9) | |
| Diabetesb | 64 (22.9) | 9 (11.4) | 55 (27.4) | 0.01 |
| CVDc | 81 (28.9) | 10 (12.7) | 71 (35.3) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 52 (18.6) | 13 (16.5) | 39 (19.5) | 0.68 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 [23.6, 28.0] | 24.6 [23.1, 26.5] | 26.5 [24.2, 28.4] | < 0.001 |
| Waist hip ratio | 0.95 (0.08) | 0.94 (0.08) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.04 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133 (20) | 128 (17) | 135 (21) | 0.01 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77 (11) | 78 (10) | 77 (12) | 0.21 |
| eGFRd (mL/min per 1.73m2) | 41.8 (19.0) | 43.1 (20.2) | 41.3 (18.5) | 0.48 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 161.3 [129.9, 198.8] | 163.8 [133.4, 195.3] | 160.8 [127.9, 201.8] | 0.72 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 40.5 (3.7) | 41.0 (4.0) | 40.3 (3.5) | 0.15 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.89 (1.08) | 4.99 (1.15) | 4.85 (1.05) | 0.33 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.83 (0.98) | 2.87 (1.09) | 2.81 (0.94) | 0.64 |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L) | 8.3 (0.9) | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.4 (0.9) | 0.09 |
| Ca2+ (mmol/L) | 2.38 (0.14) | 2.39 (0.16) | 2.37 (0.13) | 0.23 |
| Mg2+ (mmol/L) | 0.76 (0.10) | 0.73 (0.10) | 0.77 (0.09) | 0.01 |
| Pi (mmol/L) | 1.07 [0.94, 1.21] | 1.07 [0.92, 1.18] | 1.08 [0.94, 1.24] | 0.20 |
| FGF-23 (RU/L) | 100.3 [58.8, 166.7] | 91.1 [51.4, 161.2] | 108.0 [64.0, 168.0] | 0.18 |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 8.1 [5.2, 12.6] | 8.3 [5.4, 14.1] | 8.0 [5.2, 12.1] | 0.52 |
| hsCRP (mg/dL) | 2.0 [0.8, 51.3] | 1.7 [0.6, 4.3] | 2.1 [1.0, 5.6] | 0.09 |
| Proteinuria (g/24 h) | 0.2 [0.1, 0.6] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.6] | 0.2 [0.1, 0.6] | 0.28 |
| ACEi/ARB use | 239 (85.4) | 62 (78.5) | 177 (88.1) | 0.06 |
| Diuretic use | 137 (48.9) | 31 (39.2) | 106 (52.7) | 0.06 |
| Other antihypertensives | 157 (56.1) | 34 (43.0) | 123 (61.2) | 0.01 |
| Lipid lowering drugs | 204 (72.9) | 46 (58.2) | 158 (78.6) | 0.001 |
| Vitamin D use | 49 (17.5) | 16 (20.3) | 33 (16.4) | 0.56 |
| Phosphate binder use | 25 (8.9) | 8 (10.1) | 17 (8.5) | 0.84 |
| AAC score | 3.50 [0.00, 8.62] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 6.50 [3.00, 10.50] | |
Studied by logistic regression. Data are given as number (%), mean (SD) or median [interquartile range]
AAC Abdominal aortic calcification, ACEi Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin-II receptor blockers, BMI Body mass index, Ca2+ Calcium (conversion factor /0.2495 for mg/dL), CVD Cardiovascular disease, DPB Diastolic blood pressure, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, FGF-23 Fibroblast growth factor 23, hsCRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein (conversion factor cholesterol /0.02586 for mg/dL), Mg2+ Magnesium, Pi Phosphate (conversion factor /0.3229 for mg/dL), PTH Parathyroid hormone, SBP Systolic blood pressure. Creatinine conversion factor /88.4 for mg/dL
aDiagnosis of the underlying renal disease was determined by the treating physician using available patient history, clinical course and if available histopathology
bDiabetes was defined as using blood glucose lowering medication or fasting glucose > 7.0 mmol/L
cCardiovascular disease was defined as myocardial infarction, stroke or vascular intervention
dUsing the MDRD (modification of diet in renal disease) eq. (186 x (Creatinine/88.4)-1.154 x (Age)-0.203 x (0.742 if female) x (1.210 if black), re-expressed for standardized serum creatinine