Table 3.
Overview of studies assessing the relationship between blood Mg2+ concentration and vascular calcification
| Reference# | Study type | CKD stage | Sample size (% women) | Mg2+ concentration | Pi concentration | Type | Follow-up (years) | Association (P < 0.05) | Associations serum Mg2+ concentration (mmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meema et al. 1987 [9] | Prospective | 5 | 44 (0) | 1.16 | 1.88 | Peripheral AC | 2 | Yes | 1.10 ± 0.21 in AC compared to 1.24 ± 0.21 in non-AC |
| Tzanakis et al. 1997 [36] | Cross-sectional | 5 | 56 (39) | 1.23 | 1.63 | MAC | – | Yes | 1.14 ± 0.12 in MAC versus 1.27 ± 0.10 in non-MAC |
| Ishimura et al. 2007 [37] | Cross-sectional | 5 | 390 (42) | 1.14 | 1.87 | AC (hand) | – | Yes | 1.10 ± 0.12 in VC versus 1.14 ± 0.14 in non-VC |
| Matias et al. 2014 [32] | Prospective | 5 | 206 (45) | 1.36 | 1.49 | SVCS | 4 | Yes | β-coefficient 0.17 95% CI 0.08–0.30 (cut-off concentration 1.15)1 |
| Sakaguchi et al. 2016 [33] | Cross-sectional | 3–4 | 109 (33) | 0.85 | ≥ 1.10 | CAC | – | Yes | β-coefficient − 0.36 (CI not reported)2 |
| Molnar et al. 2017 [34] | Cross-sectional | 5 | 80 (30) | 0.84 | 1.70 | AAC | – | Yes | Adjusted R2 0.18, β-coefficient − 12.27, 95% CI − 19.54 – − 5.003 |
| Okamoto et al. 2018 [35] | Retrospective | 5 | 128 (36) | 0.90 | 1.74 | AAC | 1 | Yes | OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.43–5.89 (baseline serum Mg2+ < 0.9) |
| Tamura et al. 2019 [38] | Prospective | 5 | 392 (34.7) | 1.15 | 1.65 | AoAC | 4.2 | No | – |
*(A/C)AC, (abdominal/coronary) arterial calcification; AoAc, aortic arch calcification; MAC, mitral annular calcifications; OR, odds ratio; SVCS, simple vascular calcification score (hands/pelvis); VC, vascular calcification
#Articles were obtained after PubMed search in October 2019 using the following search terms: ((“Renal insufficiency, Chronic”[Mesh] OR “Chronic kidney disease”[TiAb]) AND “Magnesium”[Mesh/TiAb]) AND (“calcinosis”[mesh] OR “calcification”[TiAb])
1Scale of calcification score reported was not quantitative [39]. Score is based on presence in pre-determined locations and scores are made up out of the sum of positive locations, ranging from 0 to 8 [36]
2Scale of calcification density was reported between 0.86–3.33 (Agatston score divided by the total calcified area for each patient)
3Scale of calcification score (AAC) was reported 0–24