Table 6.

Factors associated with OOP expenditures stratified by type of care

OOP Expenditurea	Outpatient			Inpatient
	Marginal effect	SE	p-value	Marginal effect	SE	p-value
Sector of care
Private	1302.64	1179.10	0.27	6656.55	1359.37	< 0.001
Gender
Female	−669.61	687.30	0.33	−4636.28	2330.86	0.05
Age
0 to 5	Ref.			Ref.
6 to 20	1749.97	530.25	0.001	4647.41	2554.70	0.07
21 to 40	5033.45	685.47	< 0.001	11,412.02	3626.46	0.002
41 to 60	8093.58	1134.86	< 0.001	4098.84	2401.64	0.09
> 60	7374.50	1174.63	< 0.001	3207.23	2764.51	0.25
Household wealth quintile
Poorest	Ref.			Ref.
Poorer	1573.21	613.17	0.01	1536.80	1235.42	0.21
Middle	3387.03	1048.08	0.001	4470.90	1298.43	0.001
Richer	4334.84	787.13	< 0.001	7423.11	1641.75	< 0.001
Richest	7302.04	1230.81	< 0.001	22,536.90	3227.64	< 0.001
Region
Rural	1454.51	591.75	0.01	3296.88	1479.93	0.03
Province
Punjab	Ref.			Ref.
Sindh	− 4664.80	575.07	< 0.001	−3136.24	1450.22	0.03
KP	− 4393.93	750.38	< 0.001	447.40	2324.60	0.85
Balochistan	− 1621.27	1020.91	0.11	− 8523.96	1637.83	< 0.001
Household size
1–4	Ref.			Ref.
5–8	− 1183.92	721.30	0.10	−5581.07	2299.34	0.02
9–12	− 1833.67	951.51	0.05	−9167.43	2577.53	< 0.001
13+	−3388.54	947.73	< 0.001	1127.79	6448.54	0.86
Type of illness
Communicable	Ref.			Ref.
Accident/Injury	3397.88	2521.68	0.18	13,214.49	4524.63	0.003
Chronic	1442.92	919.07	0.12	4133.48	2739.33	0.13
Childbirth	N/A			− 3683.05	2423.11	0.13
Other female reproductive health concerns	760.92	1433.90	0.60	− 2495.16	3035.34	0.41
Other illness	− 4268.83	679.27	< 0.001	13,546.45	4022.53	0.001
N	6770			1199

^aModeled using GLM with log link and gamma distribution, marginal effects are shown