Table 3.
Comorbidities of heart failure clinical trials between 2001–2016 by region
| Rest of the world |
Multiregional |
North America |
Western Europe |
P-value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with reported data | Patients with comorbidity (%)a | Patients with reported data | Patients with comorbidity (%) | Patients with reported data | Patients with comorbidity (%) | Patients with reported data | Patients with comorbidity (%) | ||
| Cardiac comorbidities | |||||||||
| Current smoking | 49% | 8.1 (6–17.6) | 42% | 21.3 (5.1–66.5) | 22% | 23.4 (9.4–64.8) | 52% | 18.1 (11.6–34) | 0.53 |
| Former smoking | 49% | 8.1 (6–17.6) | 42% | 25.4 (5.1–66.5) | 22% | 49 (9.4–72.1) | 52% | 18.2 (11.6–34) | 0.53 |
| Alcohol intake | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 1 8% | 9.4 (1.7–24.8) | 20% | 8.3 (6.6–10.3) | 2% | 2.2 (2.2–2.2) | 0.56 |
| CAD or ischaemic aetiology | 39% | 46.1 (27–70) | 97% | 56.3 (20–88) | 68% | 56.9 (23–104) | 94% | 48.6 (22–59) | 0.49 |
| Diabetes | 53% | 29.8 (16–50.1) | 96% | 32.5 (20.6–100) | 73% | 40.1 (30.4–49.9) | 91% | 29.3 (16.6–107.2) | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 30% | 58.3 (56.3–59.1) | 91% | 64.3 (15.3–91.3) | 78% | 62.8 (17.4–87.8) | 52% | 51.1 (20.9–91.7) | 0.03 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 9% | 37.8 (37.8–37.8) | 21% | 44.2 (29.9–72.2) | 40% | 57.9 (34–83.9) | 9% | 59.4 (37.8–74.4) | 0.74 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9% | 14.3 (14.3–14.3) | 30% | 23.1 (1.8–72) | 24% | 33.6 (13.5–53.2) | 19% | 31 (16.5–44.2) | 0.80 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 16% | 70.2 (70.2–70.2) | 19% | 63.1 (47–74) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 52% | 69.2 (55–79) | 0.04 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0% | 8.8 (8.8–8.8) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0.81 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 30% | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 52% | 1.2 (1–1.6) | 34% | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 23% | 1.2 (1–1.4) | |
| Non-Cardiac comorbidities | |||||||||
| Cancer | 9% | 16.7 (16.7–16.7) | 23% | 10.9 (8.4–21) | 12% | 15.6 (13.2–17.5) | 50% | 8.5 (3–12.2) | 0.34 |
| Stroke | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 12% | 4.2 (2.1–6.8) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0.12 |
| Chronic liver disease | 63% | 10.9 (6.9–27) | 79% | 26.3 (3.7–100) | 46% | 21.5 (11.2–52.8) | 78% | 21.8 (5.2–36.4) | 0.00 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 49% | 5.9 (4.3–13.1) | 64% | 10 (0–18.3) | 21% | 9.5 (6.6–20.1) | 61% | 8 (2.2–24.1) | 0.04 |
| Anaemia | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 9% | 20.8 (1.8–30.9) | 5% | 35.3 (35.3–35.3) | 11% | 21.2 (6.2–31.5) | 0.41 |
| COPD | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 11% | 2.9 (2.2–7.6) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 42% | 4.9 (3.6–11.9) | 0.06 |
| Asthma | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 31 % | 12.4 (7.4–23.8) | 32% | 23.8 (17.3–34.7) | 63% | 20.5 (3.3–31) | 0.14 |
| OSA | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 2% | 6.4 (6.4–6.4) | 0.18 |
| Depression | 9% | 23.7 (23.7–23.7) | 8% | 13 (6–27) | 14% | 17 (11.7–29.4) | 14% | 9.7 (6.3–15.7) | 0.32 |
| Dementia | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 2% | 1.7 (1.7–1.7) | 0% | 0 (0–0) | 0.42 |
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea.
*
P-values compare trial-level reporting of comorbidities.
a
Prevalence of comorbidities was determined among trial reporting data.