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. 2021 Jan 10;13(3):3386–3404. doi: 10.18632/aging.202264

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Copyright: © 2021 Xiong et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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TAM-derived cytokines activate TGF-β signaling pathway in the PDAC cell lines. (A) Transwell assay results show the migration and invasiveness of BxPC-3 and PaTu-8988 cells incubated with exosome-free TAM-CM or normal TAM-CM. Scale bar = 50 μm; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. (B) The enrichment plot shows significantly differentially expressed genes in PDAC cells treated with TAM-CM according to the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). (C) Representative images show IHC analysis of CD68 and TGF-β staining in the PDAC tissue sections. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) ELISA analysis shows the levels of TGF-β secreted by THP-1, M0-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001. (E) Western blot analysis shows the levels of Smad3 and phospho-Smad3 proteins in control and TAM-CM treated BxPC-3 and PaTu-8988 cells.