Table 5. Factors associated with adverse health outcomes (Univariable analysis).
| Exposure variables | (Unadjusted) Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Depression | ||
| Age | ||
| 17 years or younger | 1.0 | |
| 18 years or older | 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 1.0 | 0.06 |
| Married | 2.0 (1.0, 3.9) | |
| Paternal education | ||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |
| Arabic education only | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.91 |
| Primary level or more | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.35 |
| Maternal education | ||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |
| Arabic education only | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.38 |
| Primary level or more | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.72 |
| Water collection time | ||
| 30 minutes or more | 1.0 | |
| Less than 30 minutes | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.03 |
| Time when they learn about menstruation | ||
| Learn about menstruation pre menarche | 1.0 | |
| Learn about menstruation post menarche | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.56 |
| Provision of pads at school | ||
| No supply of school pads | 1.0 | |
| School providing girls with a supply of pads | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.11 |
| Frequency of changing pads | ||
| Changing pads once a day | 1.0 | |
| Change twice a day | 1.8 (0.3, 11.7) | 0.56 |
| Change three or more times a day | 2.4 (0.4, 15.4) | 0.37 |
| Material normally used during the girls’ monthly period | ||
| Reusable cloth | 1.0 | |
| Disposable pads | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.32 |
| After washing it, how is it dried? | ||
| Inside house or under mattress | 1.0 | |
| Open space or bathroom | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.23 |
| How often water source in school is functional | ||
| 5–7 days per week | 1.0 | |
| 2–4 days per week | 1.4 (0.5, 3.4) | 0.5 |
| Availability of soap in school for handwashing | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.4 (0.04, 3.7) | 0.4 |
| Location of handwashing facility in school | ||
| Away from toilet block | 1.0 | |
| Inside toilet block | 0.8 (4.2, 1.38) | 0.37 |
| Water in at least one toilet cubicle at school | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1.2 (0.5, 2.7) | 0.7 |
| Clean Toilets at school | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) | 0.13 |
| Privacy in the toilets at school | ||
| No door | 1.0 | |
| Door in place | 10.0 (0.8, 121.51) | 0.07 |
| School toilets meet WASH in Schools in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region standards | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.4,2.3) | 0.87 |
| Menstrual bleeding flow | ||
| No heavy menstrual bleeding | 1.0 | |
| Heavy menstrual bleeding | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 0.05 |
| Menstrual pain | ||
| No pain or mild pain | 1.0 | |
| Extreme pain | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | 0.002 |
| Socioeconomic quantiles | ||
| Poorest | 1.0 | |
| 2nd quantile | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.46 |
| Least poor | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.99 |
| Urinary Tract Infections | ||
| Age | ||
| 17 years or younger | 1.0 | |
| 18 years or older | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) | 0.22 |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 1.0 | 0.13 |
| Married | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | |
| Paternal education | ||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |
| Arabic education only | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.87 |
| Primary level or more | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.90 |
| Maternal education | ||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |
| Arabic education only | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.48 |
| Primary level or more | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.42 |
| Water collection time at home | ||
| 30 minutes or more | 1.0 | |
| Less than 30 minutes | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.67 |
| Time when they learn about menstruation | ||
| Learn about menstruation premenarche | 1.0 | |
| Learn about menstruation post menarche | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.39 |
| Provision of sanitary pads in school | ||
| No supply of school pads | 1.0 | |
| School providing girls with a supply of pads | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.04 |
| Frequency of changing pads | ||
| Changing pads once a day | 1.0 | |
| Change twice a day | 1.8 (0.3, 11.7) | 0.56 |
| Change three or more times a day | 2.4 (0.4, 15.4) | 0.37 |
| Material normally used during the girls’ monthly period | ||
| Reusable cloth | 1.0 | |
| Disposable pads | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.21 |
| After washing it, how is it dried? | ||
| Inside house or under mattress | 1.0 | |
| Open space or bathroom | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.54 |
| How often water source in school is functional | ||
| 5–7 days per week | 1.0 | |
| 2–4 days per week | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.03 |
| Availability of soap in school for handwashing | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.47 |
| Location of handwashing facility in school | ||
| Away from toilet block | 1.0 | |
| Inside toilet block | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.27 |
| Water in at least one cubicle at school | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.76 |
| Clean toilets at school | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.01 |
| Privacy in the toilets at school | ||
| No door | 1.0 | |
| Door in place | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.01 |
| School toilets meet school toilets in schools in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region standards | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.48 |
| Menstrual bleeding flow | ||
| No heavy menstrual bleeding | 1.0 | |
| Heavy menstrual bleeding | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | <0.005 |
| Menstrual pain | ||
| No pain or mild pain | 1.0 | |
| Extreme pain | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | <0.005 |
| Socioeconomic quantiles | ||
| Poorest | 1.0 | |
| 2nd quantile | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.17 |
| Least poor | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.23 |
| Reproductive Tract Infections | ||
| Age | ||
| 17 years or younger | 1.0 | |
| 18 years or older | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.17 |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 1.0 | 0.58 |
| Married | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | |
| Paternal education | ||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |
| Arabic education only | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.54 |
| Primary level or more | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.87 |
| Maternal education | ||
| No formal education | 1.0 | |
| Arabic education only | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.81 |
| Primary level or more | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.76 |
| Water collection time at home | ||
| 30 minutes or more | 1.0 | |
| Less than 30 minutes | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.08 |
| Time when they learn about menstruation | ||
| Learn about menstruation pre menarche | 1.0 | |
| Learn about menstruation post menarche | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.26 |
| Provision of sanitary pads in school | ||
| No supply of school pads | 1.0 | |
| School providing girls with a supply of pads | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.80 |
| Frequency of changing pads | ||
| Changing pads once a day | 1.0 | |
| Change twice a day | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.99 |
| Change three or more times a day | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.82 |
| Material normally used during the girls’ monthly period | ||
| Reusable cloth | 1.0 | |
| Disposable pads | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.65 |
| After washing it, how is it dried? | ||
| Inside house or under mattress | 1.0 | |
| Open space or bathroom | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.90 |
| How often water source in school is functional | ||
| 5–7 days per week | 1.0 | |
| 2–4 days per week | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.87 |
| Availability of soap in school for handwashing | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.47 |
| Location of handwashing facility in school | ||
| Away from toilet block | 1.0 | |
| Inside toilet block | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.45 |
| Clean toilets at school | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.001 |
| Privacy in the toilets at school | ||
| No Door | 1.0 | |
| Door in place | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.016 |
| Water inside at least one cubicle at school | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.5 |
| School toilets meet WASH in schools in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region standards | ||
| No | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.11 |
| Menstrual bleeding flow | ||
| No heavy menstrual bleeding | 1.0 | |
| Heavy menstrual bleeding | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | <0.005 |
| Menstrual pain | ||
| No pain or mild pain | 1.0 | |
| Extreme pain | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) | <0.005 |
| Socioeconomic quantiles | ||
| Poorest | 1.0 | |
| 2nd quantile | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.81 |
| Least poor | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.47 |
*Only 4 (tertiary level maternal education)