Table 1. Demographic data and clinical characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Metabolic syndrome (n = 62) | Control (n = 62) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD, (years) | 41.1 ± 7.0 | 38.3 ± 5.2 | 0.02* |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.078# | ||
| Malay | 26 (42%) | 31 (57.1%) | |
| Chinese | 19 (30.6%) | 21 (33.3%) | |
| Indian | 17 (27.4%) | 10 (9.5%) | |
| Male, n (%) | 25 (40.3%) | 25 (35.7%) | 0.685# |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.30 ± 6.83 | 22.71 ± 3.0 | <0.001* |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 141.4 ± 18.0 | 122.4 ± 8.0 | <0.001* |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82.0 ± 8.6 | 78.2 ± 2.6 | 0.001* |
| FBS (mmol/l) | 7.1±2.5 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | <0.001* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.64± 2.4 | 5.55 ± 0.38 | <0.001* |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.17 ±0.3 | 1.29±0.3 | 0.017* |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.83 ± 0.85 | 1.87 ± 0.22 | 0.77* |
| IOP (mmHg) | 14.81 ± 1.91 | 14.96 ± 1.75 | 0.62* |
| Disc Area (mm) | 2.17 ± 0.43 | 2.07 ± 0.35 | 0.162* |
| VCDR | 0.55 ± 0.11 | 0.51 ± 0.14 | 0.05* |
| Axial length (mm) | 24.34 ±0.46 | 24.36 ± 0.53 | 0.84* |
* = unpaired t-test,
# = chi square,
BMI = body mass index, IOP = intraocular pressure, VCDR = vertical cup-to disc ratio, FBS = fasting blood sugar, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin, HDL = high density lipoprotein.