Table 3. Multivariable binary logistic regression for smokeless tobacco use in India, GATS-2009-10 and GATS-2016-17.
| Explanatory variables | GATS-1 | GATS-2 | Change | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | β | AOR | 95% C.I. of AOR | P | β | AOR | 95% C.I. of AOR | β gats-1 & β gats-2 | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Region | |||||||||||
| (North)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Central | 0.357 | 1.418 | 4.129 | 3.731 | 4.570 | 0.345 | 1.453 | 4.276 | 3.911 | 4.676 | 0.035 |
| East | 0.305 | 1.724 | 5.607 | 5.069 | 6.201 | 0.279 | 1.515 | 4.548 | 4.153 | 4.980 | -0.209 |
| Northeast | 0.044 | 1.877 | 6.533 | 5.958 | 7.163 | 0.067 | 2.097 | 8.143 | 7.472 | 8.875 | 0.220 |
| West | 0.162 | 1.034 | 2.813 | 2.532 | 3.124 | 0.174 | 1.105 | 3.019 | 2.736 | 3.330 | 0.071 |
| South | 0.119 | 0.248 | 1.281 | 1.147 | 1.430 | 0.109 | 0.127 | 1.136 | 1.027 | 1.256 | -0.120 |
| Type of Residence | |||||||||||
| (Urban)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Rural | 0.8 | 0.057 | 1.059 | 1.000 | 1.121 | 0.751 | 0.029 | 1.030 | 0.975 | 1.088 | -0.028 |
| Wealth index quintiles | |||||||||||
| (Poorest)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Poorer | 0.304 | 0.046 | 1.047 | 0.960 | 1.141 | 0.292 | -0.091 | 0.913 | 0.857 | 0.973 | -0.137 |
| Middle | 0.203 | -0.106 | 0.900 | 0.822 | 0.984 | 0.186 | -0.175 | 0.839 | 0.781 | 0.902 | -0.069 |
| Fourth | 0.149 | -0.404 | 0.667 | 0.608 | 0.733 | 0.17 | -0.380 | 0.684 | 0.633 | 0.739 | 0.025 |
| Richest | 0.09 | -0.763 | 0.466 | 0.421 | 0.517 | 0.081 | -0.814 | 0.443 | 0.404 | 0.486 | -0.052 |
| Age groups | |||||||||||
| (15–24)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| 25–44 | 0.458 | 0.440 | 1.553 | 1.432 | 1.684 | 0.483 | 0.562 | 1.755 | 1.612 | 1.910 | 0.122 |
| 45–64 | 0.264 | 0.423 | 1.527 | 1.394 | 1.673 | 0.257 | 0.627 | 1.871 | 1.709 | 2.050 | 0.203 |
| 65 and above | 0.09 | 0.452 | 1.571 | 1.384 | 1.783 | 0.092 | 0.608 | 1.836 | 1.654 | 2.038 | 0.156 |
| Gender | |||||||||||
| (Male)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Female | 0.407 | -0.571 | 0.565 | 0.527 | 0.605 | 0.334 | -0.725 | 0.484 | 0.456 | 0.514 | -0.154 |
| Education | |||||||||||
| (No formal schooling)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Upto Primary | 0.275 | -0.010 | 0.990 | 0.923 | 1.061 | 0.267 | -0.045 | 0.956 | 0.898 | 1.018 | -0.034 |
| Upto Secondary | 0.223 | -0.199 | 0.819 | 0.760 | 0.883 | 0.274 | -0.280 | 0.756 | 0.708 | 0.808 | -0.080 |
| Above Secondary | 0.085 | -0.551 | 0.576 | 0.525 | 0.633 | 0.096 | -0.754 | 0.470 | 0.431 | 0.513 | -0.203 |
| Occupation | |||||||||||
| (Government and non-government employee)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Self employed | 0.373 | -0.112 | 0.894 | 0.839 | 0.953 | 0.605 | 0.143 | 1.154 | 1.072 | 1.243 | 0.255 |
| Student | 0.03 | -1.057 | 0.347 | 0.302 | 0.400 | 0.018 | -1.147 | 0.318 | 0.272 | 0.371 | -0.090 |
| Homemaker | 0.244 | -0.577 | 0.562 | 0.516 | 0.611 | 0.19 | -0.480 | 0.619 | 0.564 | 0.678 | 0.097 |
| Retired or unemployed | 0.068 | -0.130 | 0.878 | 0.784 | 0.983 | 0.078 | -0.155 | 0.856 | 0.769 | 0.953 | -0.025 |
| Smoking causes serious illness | |||||||||||
| (Yes)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| No | 0.124 | -0.414 | 0.661 | 0.490 | 0.891 | 0.077 | -0.162 | 0.850 | 0.774 | 0.934 | 0.252 |
| Smoking causes stroke | |||||||||||
| (Yes)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| No | 0.273 | 0.137 | 1.147 | 1.072 | 1.228 | 0.284 | 0.239 | 1.270 | 1.190 | 1.356 | 0.102 |
| Smoking causes heart attack | |||||||||||
| (Yes)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| No | 0.186 | 0.169 | 1.184 | 1.094 | 1.282 | 0.202 | 0.134 | 1.143 | 1.058 | 1.236 | -0.035 |
| Smoking causes lung cancer | |||||||||||
| (Yes)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| No | 0.034 | -0.300 | 0.741 | 0.634 | 0.867 | 0.057 | 0.071 | 1.073 | 0.948 | 1.215 | 0.370 |
| Smokeless tobacco use causes serious illness | |||||||||||
| (Yes)① | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| No | 0.059 | 0.194 | 1.215 | 1.031 | 1.430 | 0.043 | 0.060 | 1.061 | 0.920 | 1.224 | -0.135 |
| Intercept | -1.861 | -2.150 | |||||||||
Note: P—Proportion of the population; AOR–Adjusted Odds Ratio; C.I.—Confidence interval;
① = Reference category.