Table 2.
Types of tobacco smoking, chewing habits, alcohol drinking, and the risk of head and neck cancer in Nepal
| Cases, n(%) | Controls, n(%) | OR (95% CI)1 | P-value1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of smoking2 | |||||
| Cigarette with Filter | |||||
| No | 331 (60.3) | 408 (67.9) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 218 (39.7) | 193 (32.1) | 1.42 (1.06, 1.90) | 0.0200 | |
| Cigarette without Filter | |||||
| No | 382 (69.6) | 479 (79.7) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 167 (30.4) | 122 (20.3) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.86) | 0.1249 | |
| Bidi | |||||
| No | 377 (68.7) | 489 (81.4) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 172 (31.3) | 112 (18.6) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.75) | 0.1868 | |
| Choor/Kankat | |||||
| No | 482 (87.8) | 543 (90.3) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 67 (12.2) | 58 (9.7) | 0.68 (0.43, 1.09) | 0.1097 | |
| Type of chewing3 | |||||
| Pan | |||||
| No | 505 (92.0) | 558 (92.8) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 44 (8.0) | 43 (7.2) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.58) | 0.7949 | |
| Khaini | |||||
| No | 454 (82.7) | 509 (84.7) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 95 (17.3) | 92 (15.3) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.50) | 0.8967 | |
| Surti | |||||
| No | 287 (52.3) | 389 (64.7) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 262 (47.7) | 212 (35.3) | 1.75 (1.31, 2.33) | 0.0002 | |
| Zarda | |||||
| No | 479 (87.2) | 564 (93.8) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 70 (12.8) | 37 (6.2) | 3.02 (1.87, 4.88) | <0.0001 | |
| Pan masala | |||||
| No | 522 (95.1) | 579 (96.3) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 27 (4.9) | 21 (3.5) | 1.76 (0.90, 3.41) | 0.0973 | |
| Supari (without tobacco) | |||||
| No | 512 (93.3) | 582 (96.8) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 37 (6.7) | 19 (3.2) | 3.50 (1.85, 6.59) | 0.0001 | |
| Type of drinking4 | |||||
| Beer | |||||
| No | 488 (88.9) | 523 (87.0) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 61 (11.1) | 78 (13.0) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.53) | 0.8751 | |
| Whisky | |||||
| No | 479 (87.2) | 525 (87.4) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 70 (12.8) | 76 (12.6) | 1.24 (0.81, 1.92) | 0.3259 | |
| Rakshi | |||||
| No | 238 (43.4) | 350 (58.2) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 311 (56.6) | 251 (41.8) | 1.29 (0.93, 1.78) | 0.1293 | |
| Jaand/Chayang | |||||
| No | 408 (74.3) | 512 (85.2) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 141 (25.7) | 89 (14.8) | 1.46 (0.96, 2.24) | 0.0794 | |
| Thongba | |||||
| No | 524 (95.4) | 581 (96.7) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 25 (4.6) | 20 (3.3) | 1.05 (0.45, 2.44) | 0.9035 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio
Adjusted for age, sex, education levels, race/ethnicity, family monthly income, residential area, tobacco smoking (duration and frequency), chewing habits (duration and frequency), alcohol drinking (duration and frequency), and the interaction between tobacco smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol drinking (frequency), when appropriate.
Additionally adjusted for duration and frequency of cigarette, bidi, choor/kankat, hooka/pipe, hashish, when appropriate.
Additionally adjusted for duration and frequency of surti, zarda, and supari, when appropriate.
Additionally adjusted for duration and frequency of beer, whisky, rakshi, jaand/chayang, thongba, when appropriate.