Table 3.
Frequency and duration of tobacco smoking, chewing habits, alcohol drinking on the risk of head and neck cancer for in Nepal
| Cases, n(%) | Controls, n(%) | OR (95% CI)1 | P-value1 | PAF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco smoking2 | |||||
| Ever consumed | |||||
| No | 169 (30.8) | 286 (47.6) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 380 (69.2) | 315 (52.4) | 1.54 (1.14, 2.06) | 0.0043 | 24.3% |
| Frequency (cigarettes-equivalent/day)5 | |||||
| 0 | 169 (30.8) | 286 (47.6) | Reference | ||
| > 0 to 10 | 206 (37.5) | 202 (33.6) | 1.40 (1.02, 1.91) | 0.0368 | 10.7% |
| > 10 | 174 (31.7) | 112 (18.6) | 2.01 (1.36, 2.97) | 0.0005 | 15.9% |
| Duration (years)5 | |||||
| 0 | 169 (30.8) | 286 (47.6) | Reference | ||
| > 0 to 25 | 114 (20.8) | 152 (25.3) | 1.12 (0.79, 1.59) | 0.5092 | 2.2% |
| > 25 | 266 (48.5) | 162 (27.0) | 2.20 (1.54, 3.14) | <0.0001 | 26.4% |
| Chewing habits3 | |||||
| Ever consumed | |||||
| No | 172 (31.3) | 284 (47.3) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 377 (68.7) | 317 (52.7) | 2.39 (1.77, 3.23) | <0.0001 | 39.9% |
| Frequency (numbers/day)5 | |||||
| 0 | 172 (31.3) | 284 (47.3) | Reference | ||
| > 0 to 6 | 156 (28.4) | 159 (26.5) | 1.95 (1.37, 2.76) | 0.0002 | 14.0% |
| > 6 | 215 (39.2) | 153 (25.5) | 2.91 (2.06, 4.12) | <0.0001 | 26.0% |
| Duration (years)5 | |||||
| 0 | 172 (31.3) | 284 (47.3) | Reference | ||
| > 0 to 20 | 136 (24.8) | 145 (24.1) | 1.86 (1.29, 2.67) | 0.0008 | 11.6% |
| > 20 | 236 (43.0) | 167 (27.8) | 2.92 (2.08, 4.11) | <0.0001 | 28.5% |
| Alcohol drinking4 | |||||
| Ever consumed | |||||
| No | 201 (36.6) | 295 (49.1) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 348 (63.4) | 306 (50.9) | 1.57 (1.14, 2.18) | 0.0065 | 23.0% |
| Frequency (drinks/day)5 | |||||
| 0 | 201 (36.6) | 295 (49.1) | Reference | ||
| > 0 to 6 | 103 (18.8) | 149 (24.8) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.65) | 0.5023 | 2.3% |
| > 6 | 242 (44.1) | 153 (25.5) | 2.32 (1.57, 3.43) | <0.0001 | 25.2% |
| Duration (years)5 | |||||
| 0 | 201 (36.6) | 295 (49.1) | Reference | ||
| > 0 to 20 | 91 (16.6) | 133 (22.1) | 1.16 (0.78, 1.73) | 0.4724 | 2.3% |
| > 20 | 257 (46.8) | 171 (28.5) | 2.03 (1.39, 2.94) | 0.0002 | 23.8% |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PAF, population attributable fraction.
Adjusted for age, sex, education levels, race/ethnicity, family monthly income, residential area.
Additionally adjusted for chewing habits (duration and frequency), alcohol drinking (duration and frequency), and the interaction between chewing habits and alcohol drinking (frequency).
Additionally adjusted for tobacco smoking (duration and frequency), alcohol drinking (duration and frequency), and the interaction between tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking (frequency).
Additionally adjusted for tobacco smoking (duration and frequency), chewing habits (duration and frequency), and the interaction between tobacco smoking and chewing habits (frequency).
P for trend < 0.001