Table 4.
Joint effects of tobacco smoking, chewing habits, alcohol drinking for head and neck cancer in Nepal
| Tobacco smoking |
Chewing habits |
Alcohol drinking |
Cases, n(%) | Controls, n(%) | OR (95% CI)1 | P-value1 | PAF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | No | No | 23 (4.2) | 120 (20.0) | Reference | ||
| No | No | Yes | 8 (1.5) | 43 (7.2) | 2.28 (0.87, 5.95) | 0.0931 | 0.8% |
| Yes | No | No | 36 (6.6) | 58 (9.7) | 2.78 (1.45, 5.34) | 0.0021 | 4.2% |
| No | Yes | No | 76 (13.8) | 54 (9.0) | 11.64 (6.13, 22.09) | <0.0001 | 12.7% |
| Yes | Yes | No | 66 (12.0) | 63 (10.5) | 8.29 (4.33, 15.89) | <0.0001 | 10.6% |
| No | Yes | Yes | 62 (11.3) | 69 (11.5) | 9.02 (4.66, 17.43) | <0.0001 | 10.0% |
| Yes | No | Yes | 105 (19.1) | 63 (10.5) | 15.38 (7.90, 29.94) | <0.0001 | 17.9% |
| Yes | Yes | Yes | 173 (31.5) | 131 (21.8) | 12.83 (6.91, 23.81) | <0.0001 | 29.1% |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PAF, population attributable fraction.
Total PAF: 85.3%; P for trend < 0.0001
1
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education levels, family monthly income, residential area.