Table II.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) users compared with nonusers. Columns 2 to 4 describe the population characteristics for: the entire cohort (column 2), ACE inhibitor/ARB users (column 3), and nonusers (column 4). Column 5 describes the results of univariate logistic regressions comparing users of ACE inhibitors/ARBs versus nonusers. Odds ratios are expressed as the likelihood of a unit increase in each parameter associated with ACE inhibitor/ARB use. Column 6 presents the significance (α) of these associations. Values are given as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.

Variable	Entire Population (N = 612)	ACE Inhibitor/ARB Users (n = 151)	ACE Inhibitor/ARB Non-Users (n = 461)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P
Demographic characteristics
Age, years*	69.6 (17.8)	74.5 (13.0)	68.0 (18.4)	1.92 (1.39–2.65)	<0.001
Male sex	354 (57.8%)	91 (60.3%)	263 (57.0%)	1.14 (0.79–1.66)	0.488
Outcomes
Mortality	281 (45.9%)	84 (55.6%)	197 (42.7%)	1.68 (1.16–2.43)	0.006
Intensive care admission	86 (14.1%)	32 (21.2%)	54 (11.7%)	2.03 (1.25–3.28)	0.004
Length of stay, days	12.1 (13.7)	13.1 (12.3)	11.8 (14.1)	3.44 (0.28–42.75)	0.336
Maximum NEWS-2	8.2 (3.4)	9.0 (3.0)	7.9 (3.5)	2.84 (1.52–5.29)	0.001
Maximum oxygen, L/min	7.8 (6.2)	9.4 (6.0)	7.3 (6.2)	8.43 (2.72–26.18)	<0.001
Maximum AKI stage	0.89 (1.14)	1.03 (1.15)	0.85 (1.13)	1.20 (0.98–1.48)	0.083
Maximum CRP, mg/L†	196 (128)	225 (140)	187 (122)	1.46 (1.16–1.85)	0.001
Comorbidities
Hypertension	299 (48.9%)	125 (82.8%)	174 (37.7%)	7.93 (4.99–12.59)	<0.001
Heart failure	57 (9.3%)	21 (13.9%)	36 (7.8%)	1.91 (1.08–3.38)	0.027
Ischemic heart disease	97 (15.8%)	33 (21.9%)	64 (13.9%)	1.73 (1.09–2.77)	0.021
Diabetes mellitus	166 (27.1%)	62 (41.1%)	104 (22.6%)	2.39 (1.62–3.54)	<0.001

AKI = acute kidney injury; CRP = C-reactive protein; NEWS-2 = National Early Warning Score 2.

^⁎OR for 10 years’ increase.

^†OR for 100 mg/L increase.