Table III.
Adjusted effects of long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use on clinical outcomes. Column 2 displays the results of univariate linear and logistic regressions describing the unadjusted associations between each parameter and each outcome variable. Column 3 presents the adjusted relationships between these variables when entered into multivariate linear and logistic regressions with all parameters listed. Column 4 presents the significance (α) of the adjusted associations.
| Outcome Variable | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P for Adjusted Relationship |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | |||
| Regular ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 1.68 (1.16–2.43) | 1.18 (0.77–1.82) | 0.447 |
| Age, years* | 1.71 (1.53–1.92) | 1.67 (1.48–1.90) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1.56 (1.13–2.17) | 1.68 (1.16–2.42) | 0.006 |
| Hypertension | 1.98 (1.43–2.73) | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 0.685 |
| Heart failure | 2.36 (1.33–4.17) | 1.23 (0.67–2.26) | 0.509 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2.97 (1.87–4.71) | 1.58 (0.95–2.60) | 0.075 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.43 (1.00–2.05) | 1.24 (0.83–1.85) | 0.300 |
| Maximum NEWS-2† | |||
| Regular ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 1.23 (1.09–1.40) | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) | 0.030 |
| Age, years* | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.06 (0.96–1.19) | 0.250 |
| Hypertension | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 0.95 (0.85–1.08) | 0.445 |
| Heart failure | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.902 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.848 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.15 (1.01–1.29) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 0.130 |
| Maximum oxygen (L/min)‡ | |||
| Regular ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 1.53 (1.22–1.92) | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) | 0.014 |
| Age, years* | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 0.023 |
| Male sex | 1.43 (1.18–1.75) | 1.40 (1.15–1.71) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.531 |
| Heart failure | 1.29 (0.92–1.81) | 1.09 (0.78–1.54) | 0.606 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | 1.00 (0.76–1.33) | 0.977 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.29 (1.03–1.60) | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 0.299 |
| Maximum AKI stage | |||
| Regular ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 1.20 (0.98–1.48) | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) | 0.809 |
| Age, years* | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.939 |
| Male sex | 1.28 (1.07–1.53) | 1.20 (1.00–1.43) | 0.053 |
| Hypertension | 1.38 (1.15–1.65) | 1.29 (1.06–1.58) | 0.012 |
| Heart failure | 1.12 (0.82–1.53) | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) | 0.791 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.35 (1.05–1.72) | 1.20 (0.93–1.55) | 0.164 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.62 (1.33–1.98) | 1.52 (1.24–1.86) | <0.001 |
| Maximum CRP (mg/L)§ | |||
| Regular ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 1.46 (1.16–1.85) | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 0.024 |
| Age, years* | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.97 (0.92–1.04) | 0.401 |
| Male sex | 1.41 (1.15–1.72) | 1.36 (1.11–1.67) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 1.27 (1.04–1.55) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 0.261 |
| Heart failure | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 0.98 (0.69–1.40) | 0.906 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.903 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.34 (1.07–1.69) | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) | 0.089 |
AKI = acute kidney injury; CRP = C-reactive protein; NEWS-2 = National Early Warning Score 2.
⁎
OR for 10 years’ increase.
†
OR for 5 point increase.
‡
OR for 5 L/min increase.
§
OR for 100 mg/L increase.