Table 3.

Effects of TCM (mostly flavonoids among core compounds) in COVID-19 evaluated through network pharmacology and molecular docking.

TCM	Potential effects in COVID-19	Reference
TCM prescription Dayuanyin	Suppression of the inflammatory storm and regulation of immune function.	[72]
	Observed affinity between the core compounds of Dayuanyin (kaempferol, quercetin, 7-Methoxy-2-methyl isoflavone, naringenin, formononetin) and its target genes such as IL-6, IL1β, and CCL2.
Maxingyigan decoction	Recognized and verified gene targets (including IL-6) and three components of Maxingyigan (quercetin, formononetin, luteolin).	[73]
	The potential role of Maxingyigan in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 could be based on its anti-inflammatory and immunity-based actions including the activation of T-cells, lymphocytes, leukocytes, cytokine-cytokine-receptor, and chemokine signaling pathways.
Toujie Quwen granule	The potential role of Toujie Quwen granule and its key active ingredients (including quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and oroxylin A, among others) in the treatment of COVID-19 associated with the mechanisms that elevate immunity, suppress inflammatory stress, and regulate inflammatory responses among others.	[74]
Qing-Fei-Pai-Du decoction	Observed immuno-regulatory, anti-inflammatory and multi-organ protective abilities (attributed to four compounds including also flavonoids baicalin and hesperidin and its targets) that could be applicable in COVID-19 management (thrombin and TLR signaling suggested as essential pathways of its anti-inflammatory effects).	[75]

Abbreviations: CCL2, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1; IL, interleukin; TCM, Traditional Chinese medicine; TLR, Toll-like receptor.