Table 4.
Effects of flavonoids on inflammatory cascades TLRs and NLRP3 inflammasomes.
| Target of inflammatory pathway | Flavonoid | Aim of the study | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TLR | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | BALB/C mice (lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury) | Ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by suppression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling. | [79] |
| Decreased proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lung, serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. | ||||
| Luteolin | C57BL/6J mice (inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases) | TLR signaling modulation. | [80] | |
| Reduction of macrophage infiltration and modulation of the inflammatory response. | ||||
| Nobiletin | Prostate cancer cells (anti-inflammatory activities) | Anti-inflammatory effects (inhibition of TLR4 and TL9-dependent signaling). | [81] | |
| Pycnogenol® (extract of French maritime pine bark rich in flavonoids) | TLR-dependent immunomodulatory activities | TLRs inhibition (after gastrointestinal metabolization). | [82] | |
| Flavonoids from Houttuynia cordata | Effects and mechanism of flavonoid glycosides from H. cordata on influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury in mice | Attenuation of H1N1-induced acute lung injury (inhibition of TLR signaling). | [83] | |
| NLRP3 inflammasomes | Apigenin | Effects on NLRP3 inflammasome pathways – measurement of active IL-1β (differentiated THP-1 cells) | Inhibition of IL-1β. | [84] |
| Scutellarin | Effects on NLRP4 inflammasome activation (macrophages) | Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. | [85] | |
| Myricetin | Effects on NLRP3-driven inflammatory diseases | Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. | [86] | |
| Baicalin | Effects on neuroinflammation (amyloid beta precursor protein/presenilin-1 mice) | Protection of neurons from microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. | [87] | |
| Flavonoids isolated from Millettiavelutina (velutone F) | Effects on NLRP3 inflammasome activation (THP1 cells) | Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and serum IL-1β release. | [41] |
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; TLRs, Toll-like receptors; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor.