Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized Covid-19 patients included in the study.
| Characteristic | All patients | Ventilation Status |
Mortality |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not ventilated | Ventilated | OR (95% CI) | P-Value | Discharged | Deceased | OR (95% CI) | P-Value | ||
| Total patients | 1042 | 547 | 404 | – | 832 | 210 | – | ||
| Median (IQ) Age (years) | 64 (53–75) | 61 (51–72) | 64 (53–72) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.12 | 61 (50–71) | 76 (66–82) | 2.03 (1.78–2.32) | <0.001 |
| Male Sex, No. (%) | 592 (56.8) | 284 (51.9) | 264 (65.3) | 1.75 (1.34–2.28) | <0.001 | 453 (54.4) | 139 (66.2) | 1.64 (1.20–2.26) | 0.002 |
| Admission vital signs, Mean (SEM) | |||||||||
| Weight (kg) | 83.9 (0.7) | 83.5 (0.9) | 86.0 (1.0) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.075 | 84.4 (0.7) | 82.1 (1.5) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.162 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.9 (0.2) | 29.8 (0.3) | 30.4 (0.3) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.2 | 30.1 (0.2) | 29.1 (0.5) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.052 |
| Temperature > 38°C, No. (%) | 159 (15.3) | 71 (13.0) | 82 (20.3) | 1.16 (1.00–1.36) | 0.057 | 129 (15.5) | 30 (14.3) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) | 0.247 |
| HR (beats/min) | 87.3 (0.6) | 86.1 (0.7) | 89.1 (1.0) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.013 | 86.9 (0.6) | 88.8 (1.5) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.181 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 128.7 (0.7) | 130.8 (0.9) | 126.5 (1.2) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.004 | 129.3 (0.8) | 126.0 (1.6) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.059 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 70.1 (0.4) | 71.8 (0.5) | 68.6 (0.6) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 | 70.8 (0.4) | 67.7 (0.9) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute) | 23.2 (0.2) | 21.6 (0.3) | 25.6 (0.4) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | <0.001 | 22.9 (0.2) | 24.6 (0.5) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.002 |
| SpO2 | 95.5 (0.1) | 96.0 (0.1) | 94.8 (0.2) | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | <0.001 | 95.6 (0.1) | 95.0 (0.3) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.021 |
| FiO2 | 34.7 (0.7) | 25.7 (0.4) | 47.8 (1.3) | 1.10 (1.08–1.11) | <0.001 | 31.9 (0.6) | 45.8 (1.8) | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | <0.001 |
| SpO2/FiO2 Ratio | 340.3 (3.8) | 398.7 (3.5) | 259.2 (6.2) | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | <0.001 | 357.2 (4.0) | 273.7 (8.7) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | <0.001 |
| Race, No. (%) | |||||||||
| White | 438 (42.0) | 219 (58.9) | 153 (41.1) | 321 (73.3) | 117 (26.7) | ||||
| Black | 187 (17.9) | 110 (62.9) | 65 (37.1) | 0.85 (0.58–1.22) | 0.375 | 150 (80.2) | 37 (19.8) | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) | 0.067 |
| Hispanic | 113 (10.8) | 70 (64.2) | 39 (35.8) | 0.80 (0.51–1.24) | 0.316 | 96 (85.0) | 17 (15.0) | 0.49 (0.28–0.85) | 0.011 |
| Asian | 37 (3.6) | 15 (45.5) | 18 (54.5) | 1.72 (0.84–3.51) | 0.138 | 33 (89.2) | 4 (10.8) | 0.33 (0.12–0.96) | 0.042 |
| Other/Mix | 177 (17.0) | 97 (55.4) | 78 (44.6) | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) | 0.447 | 160 (90.4) | 17 (9.6) | 0.29 (0.17–0.50) | <0.001 |
| Not recorded | 90 (8.6) | 36 (41.4) | 51 (58.6) | 72 (80.0) | 18 (20.0) | ||||
| Comorbidity, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Diabetes | 443 (42.5) | 203 (37.1) | 194 (48.0) | 1.56 (1.20–2.03) | <0.001 | 332 (39.9) | 111 (52.9) | 1.71 (1.26–2.32) | <0.001 |
| CAD | 182 (17.5) | 85 (15.5) | 60 (14.9) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | 0.762 | 123 (14.8) | 59 (28.1) | 2.27 (1.58–3.23) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 588 (56.4) | 294 (53.7) | 225 (55.7) | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 0.572 | 446 (53.6) | 142 (67.6) | 1.83 (1.34–2.54) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 174 (16.7) | 87 (15.9) | 56 (13.9) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.377 | 115 (13.8) | 59 (28.1) | 2.45 (1.70–3.50) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 123 (11.8) | 54 (9.9) | 44 (10.9) | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | 0.616 | 78 (9.4) | 45 (21.4) | 2.65 (1.76–3.96) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 166 (15.9) | 89 (16.3) | 47 (11.6) | 0.67 (0.45–0.97) | 0.038 | 113 (13.6) | 53 (25.2) | 2.14 (1.47–3.09) | <0.001 |
| Symptom, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Dyspnea | 739 (70.9) | 340 (62.2) | 342 (84.7) | 3.37 (2.45–4.69) | <0.001 | 590 (70.9) | 149 (71.0) | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 0.875 |
| LOC | 30 (2.9) | 19 (3.5) | 7 (1.7) | 0.48 (0.19–1.12) | 0.105 | 22 (2.6) | 8 (3.8) | 1.47 (0.61–3.22) | 0.36 |
| Hemoptysis | 13 (1.2) | 7 (1.3) | 5 (1.2) | 0.96 (0.28–3.02) | 0.939 | 12 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0.33 (0.02–1.68) | 0.285 |
| Smoking, No. (%*) | |||||||||
| Never | 387 (37.1) | 211 (57.7) | 155 (42.3) | 323 (83.5) | 64 (16.5) | ||||
| Former | 231 (22.2) | 106 (53.5) | 92 (46.5) | 1.18 (0.83–1.67) | 0.347 | 163 (70.6) | 68 (29.4) | 2.11 (1.43–3.11) | <0.001 |
| Current | 86 (8.3) | 37 (47.4) | 41 (52.6) | 1.51 (0.92–2.46) | 0.100 | 70 (81.4) | 16 (18.6) | 1.15 (0.63–2.11) | 0.64 |
| Not Recorded | 338 (32.4) | 193 (62.5) | 116 (37.5) | 276 (81.7) | 62 (18.3) | ||||
| Medication, No. (%) | |||||||||
| Statin | 511 (49.0) | 269 (49.2) | 180 (44.6) | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | 0.182 | 389 (46.8) | 122 (58.1) | 1.63 (1.20–2.22) | 0.002 |
| RAAS inhibitor | 315 (30.2) | 162 (29.6) | 126 (31.2) | 1.08 (0.81–1.42) | 0.602 | 248 (29.8) | 67 (31.9) | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 0.554 |
| Aspirin | 318 (30.5) | 170 (31.1) | 106 (26.2) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.122 | 232 (27.9) | 86 (41.0) | 1.83 (1.33–2.50) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 44 (4.2) | 14 (2.6) | 16 (4.0) | 1.57 (0.76–3.25) | 0.225 | 26 (3.1) | 18 (8.6) | 2.91 (1.56–5.41) | <0.001 |
| bnormal X-ray, No. (%) | 818 (78.5) | 386 (70.6) | 366 (90.6) | 3.88 (2.62–5.87) | <0.001 | 644 (77.4) | 174 (82.9) | 1.42 (0.95–2.19) | 0.1 |
Patients coded for “do not intubate” were excluded from analyses for ventilation status. P-values are for univariate logistic regression analyses. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; LOC = loss of consciousness; RAAS = renin angiotensin-aldosterone system; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; SD = standard deviation.
⁎
Calculated as a percentage of each group (race or smoking status). Otherwise, values were calculated as a percentage of each outcome group (ventilation or discharge). Odds ratios in the ethnicity and smoking categories were calculated relative to white patients or never smokers, respectively. ∞ Odds ratio calculated for every 10-year increase in age.