| 1. |
Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.) |
Methanol extracted from bark of Alstonia scholaris
Found to be more promising. Nevertheless, the observed antiplasmodium activity of Alstonia scholaris was less pronounced as compared to Alstonia macrophylla [44].
Alstonia macrophylla, which is seen in India, generally adultrated for Alstonia sholaris [44]. Four new alkaloids, alstiphyllanines A-D (1–4), were isolated from Alstonia macrophylla, and their structures were determined by MS and 2D NMR analyses. Alkaloids 1–4 showed moderate anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and vasorelaxant activity against phenylephrine-induced contraction of isolated rat aorta.
Other Studies:
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1.
Inhibited the carrageenan-induced inflammation in the rat paw oedema study model [45].
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2.
Controls Malarial fever by virtue of its strong schizonticidal activity [46].
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3.
Anti- HSW and anti-adenovirus activity of indole alkaloids from leaves of Alstonia scholaris, with significant inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and adenovirus [47].
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4.
Enhances DNA repair capacity [48].
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5.
In vitro tests, alkaloids exhibited inhibition of inflammatorymediators (COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX), which is accordant with results on animal model [49].
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6.
Potent antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum [50,51].
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| 2. |
Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth) |
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1.
Anti-inflammatory effect by l3-adrenergic blockade [52].
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2.
Stimulates the cell-mediated and humoral components of the immune system as well as phagocytosis in experimental animals [53,54].
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3.
Improves the immune system by increasing the proliferation of lymphocytes and cytokine levels (IL-4 and IFN-gamma) in serum, in HA titre, DTH, PFC, phagocytic index and CD4/CD8 population [55].
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4.
Another study demonstrates the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the leaf extract of same plant [56].
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5.
Inhibits the growth of Plasmodium falciparum Significantly [[57], [58], [59]].
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| 3.
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Kiratatikta (Swertia Chirata Pexbex. Karst)
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The drug shows promising effect due to itsantipyretic (Bhargava, 2009), and antimalarial activity [58].-
1.
Anti-protozoal activity:A MeOH extract of Swertia chirata found to inhibit the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I of Leishmania donovani was subjected to fractionation to yield three secoiridoid glycosides: amarogentin (a), amaroswerin (b), and sweroside (c). Amarogentin is a potent inhibitor of type I DNA topoisomerase from Leishmania and exerts its effect by interaction with the enzyme, preventing binary complex formation.
Other Studies:
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2.
Inhibits the expression of viral protein R (an attractive target for HIV disease) in HeLa cells harbouring the TREx plasmid encoding full-length Vpr (TREx-HeLa-Vpr cells) [60].
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3.
Inhibited HSV-1, plaque formation at more than 70% level and viral dissemination [61].
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4.
Suppressive effects on inflammatory mediators by blocking the expression of COX-2 and phosphorylation of Akt, IKK-β, MAPK and NF-κB, activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages [62].
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5.
A study on experimental arthritis in rats suggested amelioration of oxidative and inflammatory stress, which implies the immunomodulatory effect of leavesof the above said plant. Post treatment with the leaves of the said plant, the animal subjects showed marked reduction in inflammation as well as arthritic changes [63].
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| 4.
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Kuberaksha (Caesalpinia crista L.) |
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1.
The CH2Cl2 extract from the seed kernels of Caesalpinia crista, which exhibited a promising antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infected mice in vivo, which was examined and resulted in the isolation of seven new furanocassane-type diterpenes [caesalpinins C-G (1–5) and norcaesalpinins D and E (6, 7)] together with norcaesalpinins A-C (8–10) and 11 known compounds (norcaesalpinins A-C, 2-acetoxy-3-deacetoxycaesaldekarin e, caesalmin B, caesaldekarin e, caesalpin F, 14(17)-dehydrocaesalpin F, 2-acetoxycaesaldekarin e, 7-acetoxybonducellpin C, and caesalmin G). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The isolated diterpenes showed significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3/A2 growth in vitro. Their IC50 values ranged from 90 nM to 6.5 microM, and norcaesalpinin E (7) showed the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50, 90 nM).
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2.
Exhibits antimalarial [64] and hepatoprotective [65]activity
Other studies:
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3.
Protection against red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis and DNA damage [66].
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4.
Immuno-stimulatory: increase in hemagglutinating antibody titre and a change in delayed-type hypersensitivity [26].
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5.
Two weeks after challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Caesalpinia treated animals showed a significant bacterial clearance from the lungs, with less severe incidence of lung abscess [67].
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6.
Exhibited activity against the vaccinia virus [68].
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7.
in vivo experimental study, neutrophil adhesion test, hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, phagocytic activity and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression were demonstrated to be positively activated pointing towards a promise in immunomodulation [26].
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