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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 25.
Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2015 Sep 28;21(9):677–687. doi: 10.1017/S1355617715000806

Table 2:

Results of the multilevel linear regression models predicting schooling and cognitive measures in WHICAP and HRS by subsample

Outcomes
Education Cognitive Memory Vocabulary Speed Visual-spatial
WHICAP
Pooleda African American −1.36 (0.19) -- −0.35 (0.04) −0.36 (0.03) −0.30 (0.05) −0.21 (0.03)
Age −0.07 (0.01) -- −0.04 (0.00) −0.02 (0.00) −0.05 (0.00) −0.02 (0.00)
VPC 9 (4 – 19) -- 7 (3 – 14) 14 (7 – 24) 9 (4 – 18) 12 (6 – 21)
African Americans Age −0.07 (0.02) -- −0.04 (0.00) −0.02 (0.00) −0.05 (0.01) −0.02 (0.00)
VPC 9 (4 – 22) -- 6 (2 – 16) 12 (6 – 25) 8 (3 – 18) 9 (4 – 19)
Whites Age −0.07 (0.02) -- −0.04 (0.00) −0.03 (0.00) −0.05 (−0.01) −0.02 (0.00)
VPC 7 (0 – 57) -- 30 (12 – 58) 29 (12 – 55) 0 (0 – 0) 26 (9 −54)
WHICAP, restricted to movers
Pooleda African American −2.16 (0.38) -- −0.40 (0.08) −0.44 (0.06) −0.43 (0.11) −0.33 (0.05)
Age −0.07 (0.02) -- −0.03 (0.00) −0.02 (0.00) −0.05 (0.01) −0.02 (0.00)
VPC 5 (2–14) -- 5 (2–13) 11 (5–20) 7 (3–17) 8 (4–16)
African Americans Age −0.06 (0.03) -- −0.02 (0.00) −0.03 (0.01) −0.05 (0.01) −0.02 (0.00)
VPC 8 (2–21) -- 6 (2–16) 11 (5–24) 7 (2–19) 8 (3–18)
Whites Age −0.18 (0.05) -- −0.04 (0.01) −0.04 (0.01) −0.07 (0.01) −0.03 (0.01)
VPC 16 (2–65) -- 31 (11–62) 35 (15–62) 7 (0–95) 45 (24–68)
HRS
Pooleda African American −1.44 (0.07) −1.87 (0.07) −1.66 (0.08) −1.52 (0.07) -- --
Age −0.06 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) −0.15 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) -- --
VPC 5 (3 – 8) 3 (2 – 5) 1 (1 – 2) 5 (3 – 8) -- --
African Americans Age −0.12 (0.01) −0.03 (0.02) −0.16 (0.01) 0.00 (0.02) -- --
VPC 13 (8 – 21) 7 (3 – 15) 2 (1 – 6) 12 (6 – 21) -- --
Whites Age −0.05 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) −0.16 −0.03 -- --
VPC 5 (3 – 7) 3 (1 – 5) 1 (1 – 2) 5 (3 – 8) -- --
HRS, restricted to WHICAP states
Pooleda African American −1.44 (0.07) −1.87 (0.08) −1.67 (0.09) −1.52 (0.07) -- --
Age −0.07 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) −0.15 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) -- --
VPC 6 (4 – 19) 3 (2 – 6) 1 (1 – 2) 5 (3 – 8) -- --
African Americans Age −0.12 (0.01) −0.03 (0.02) −0.16 (0.01) 0.00 (0.02) -- --
VPC 13 (8 – 22) 7 (3 – 15) 2 (1 – 6) 12 (6 −22) -- --
Whites Age −0.05 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) −0.15 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) -- --
VPC 5 (3 – 8) 3 (2 – 5) 1 (1 – 2) 5 (3 – 8) -- --
HRS, restricted to stayers
Pooleda African American −1.38 (0.12) −2.03 (0.10) −1.68 (0.11) −1.51 (0.09) -- --
Age −0.06 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) −0.15 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) -- --
VPC 6 (3 – 9) 4 (2 – 7) 2 (1 – 3) 7 (4 – 12) -- --
African Americans Age −0.13 (0.01) −0.04 (0.03) −0.16 (0.01) −0.03 (0.02) -- --
VPC 14 (8 – 25) 8 (3 – 20) 2 (1 – 7) 20 (10 – 35) -- --
Whites Age −0.05 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) −0.15 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) -- --
VPC 5 (3 – 9) 4 (2 – 7) 2 (1 – 3) 7 (4 – 12) -- --
HRS, restricted to movers
Pooleda African American −1.74 (0.11) −1.81 (0.11) −1.87 (0.13) −1.77 (0.10) -- --
Age −0.07 (0.00) −0.03 (0.01) −0.15 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) -- --
VPC 5 (3 – 7) 3 (1 – 5) 1 (0 – 2) 3 (1 – 5) -- --
African Americans Age −0.11 (0.01) −0.01 (0.03) −0.15 (0.01) 0.03 (0.03) -- --
VPC 14 (7 – 24) 11 (4 – 29) 4 (2 – 11) 5 (1 – 19) -- --
Whites VPC 3 (2 – 5) 2 (1 – 4) 0 (0 – 2) 3 (1 – 5) -- --
a

Race is included as a covariate in the pooled models. Gender and linear and quadratic terms for age were included in all models.