Figure 2.

Relationship between cytokines and platelet and endothelial dysfunction in the generation of sepsis and subsequent MODS. Likewise, the loss of energy and the non-degradation of HIF-α can contribute to increase the damage in the mitochondrial enzymes of the oxidative system, being able to cause an increase in the generation of ROS. The antioxidant therapy described has multiple targets. Likewise, it has direct and indirect antioxidant activity, increasing the levels of the endogenous antioxidant system. MODS, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; RNS, Reactive nitrogen species; O₂^·−, Superoxide radical anion; HO^·, Hydroxyl free radical; H₂O₂, Hydrogen peroxide; HOCl, Hypochlorous acid; ¹O₂, Singlet oxygen; NO^·, Free radical nitric oxide; ONOO−, nonradical peroxynitrite anion; IL-6, Interleukin 6; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1, Interleukin 1; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; GSH, Reduced glutathione/GHS-Px, glutathione peroxidase; CAT, Catalase; TRX-2, Mitochondrial thioredoxin-2; POAF, Postoperative atrial fibrillation; POLF, Postoperative liver failure; ESRD, End-stage renal disease.