Fig. 1. Sampling and overview of groundwater communities.
a, Map of eight Northern California groundwater sites sampled in this study (image from Google Maps). Insets: geological maps (i)–(iii) show the sampled areas (black boxes). J, marine sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks (Jurassic); KJfm, marine sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks (Cretaceous–Jurassic); Q, marine and non-marine (continental) sedimentary rocks (Pleistocene–Holocene); Qv, marine sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks (Cretaceous–Jurassic); um, plutonic (Mesozoic); K, marine sedimentary rocks (Pliocene); Kl, marine sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks (Lower Cretaceous); Ep, marine sedimentary rocks (Paleocene); E, marine sedimentary rocks (Eocene); QPc, non-marine (continental) sedimentary rocks (Pliocene–Pleistocene); Tv, volcanic rocks (Tertiary). Scale bars, 23.3 km (large map), 3.2 km (i and ii) and 9.7 km (iii). b, Phylum-level breakdown (with the exception of CPR and DPANN superphyla) of rpS3 genes detected in each site. The sampling dates for each site are indicated. c, Rank abundance curves showing the 30 rpS3 genes with highest relative coverage identified for each site. The hatched bars indicate an unbinned rpS3 gene.