Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample
| Maternal Characteristics | Mean (SD)/range or no. (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.2 (5.9) / 18 – 39 |
| Ethnicity | |
| Mestizo | 22 (91.7%) |
| Indigenous | 1 (4.2%) |
| Afro-Ecuadorian | 1 (4.2%) |
| Parity1 | 0.92 (0.78)/ 0 – 2 |
| Married | 21 (87.5%) |
| Education | |
| Less than high school | 3 (12.5%) |
| Completed high school | 16 (66.7%) |
| Completed college | 5 (20.8%) |
| Born and raised on Galápagos | 9 (37.5%) |
| Food security | |
| Secure | 13 (54.2%) |
| Mild food insecurity | 8 (33.3%) |
| Moderate – High food insecurity | 3 (12.5% |
| Depressed (PHQ-8) | 7 (29.2%) |
| Moderate – High stress (PSS) | 15 (62.5%) |
| Obstetric and Infant Characteristics | |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.4 (1.2) / 36 – 41 |
| Caesarean delivery | 14 (58.3%) |
| APGAR 5 min | 9 (0) / 9 – 9 |
| Male offspring | 13 (54.2%) |
| Infant birth weight (g) | 3380 (383.8) / 2465 – 3900 |
| Placental Characteristics | |
| Placental weight (g) | 530.8 (101.5) / 398 – 896 |
| % methylation, average all HSD11B2 CpG sites | 11.7 (4.9) |
| CpG1, % methylated | 7.9 (3.6) |
| CpG2, % methylated | 17.6 (7.0) |
| CpG3, % methylated | 7.8 (3.7) |
| CpG4, % methylated | 13.4 (5.4) |
1
Does not include current pregnancy