Table 2.
Literature estimates of source contributions (%) to adult exposures to PFASa
| PFAS | Carbon length |
Exposure Mediumb | Exposure Routeb | Study Location |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Dust | Water | Consumer goods |
Inhalation | Dermal | Indirect | Ref. | |||
| PFBA | 4 | 4 | 96 | NA | c | |||||
| PFHxA | 6 | 38 | 4 | 38 | 8 | 12 | NA | c | ||
| PFHxA | 6 | 87 | 4 | 2 | Norway | d | ||||
| PFHxS | 6 | 57 | 38 | 5 | Finland | e | ||||
| PFHxS | 6 | 94 | 1 | Norway | d | |||||
| PFHpA | 7 | 93 | 1 | Norway | d | |||||
| PFHpS | 7 | 100 | Norway | d | ||||||
| PFOA | 8 | 16 | 11 | 58 | 14 | NA & EU | f | |||
| PFOA | 8 | 85 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 4 | Germany Japan | g | ||
| PFOA | 8 | 77 | 8 | 11 | 4 | Norway | h | |||
| PFOA | 8 | 66 | 9 | 24 | <1 | <1 | US | i | ||
| PFOA | 8 | 41 | 37 | 22 | Korea | j | ||||
| PFOA | 8 | 99 | <1 | China | k | |||||
| PFOA | 8 | 47 | 8 | 12 | 6 | 27 | NA | c | ||
| PFOA | 8 | 95 | <2.5 | <2.5 | Finland | e | ||||
| PFOA | 8 | 89 | 3 | 2 | Norway | d | ||||
| PFOA | 8 | 91 | 3 | 5 | Ireland | l | ||||
| PFOS | 8 | 66 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 16 | NA | c | ||
| PFOS | 8 | 72 | 6 | 22 | <1 | <1 | US | m | ||
| PFOS | 8 | 96 | 1 | 1 | 2 | Norway | h | |||
| PFOS | 8 | 81 | 15 | 4 | NA & EU | f | ||||
| PFOS | 8 | 93 | 4 | 3 | Korea | j | ||||
| PFOS | 8 | 100 | <1 | China | k | |||||
| PFOS | 8 | 95 | <2.5 | <2.5 | Finland | e | ||||
| PFOS | 8 | 75 | 3 | Norway | d | |||||
| PFOS | 8 | 100 | Ireland | l | ||||||
| PFOPA | 8 | 100 | Norway | d | ||||||
| PFNA | 9 | 79 | 5 | 1 | Norway | d | ||||
| PFDA | 10 | 51 | 2 | 4 | 15 | 28 | NA | c | ||
| PFDA | 10 | 78 | 1 | 2 | Norway | d | ||||
| PFDS | 10 | 89 | 4 | Norway | d | |||||
| PFUnDA | 11 | 61 | 4 | 1 | Norway | d | ||||
| PFDoDA | 12 | 86 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | NA | c | ||
| PFDoDA | 12 | 48 | 15 | Norway | d | |||||
| PFTrDA | 13 | 89 | 1 | Norway | d | |||||
NA = North America; EU = Europe.
Adapted from (Sunderland 2019), and updated with more recent publications.
Where available, central tendency values are presented.
Data from (Gebbink 2015). Data shown here are based on the intermediate exposure scenario in Fig. 3 in their manuscript.
Data from (Poothong 2020)
Data from (Balk 2019); Values represent modeled exposures for children at 10.5 years of age.
Data from (Trudel 2008). Values shown here are based on the high exposure scenarios from Figs. 2 and 5.
Data from (Vestergren 2009). Values shown here are for the background population exposure from Figure 4a in their manuscript.
Data from (Haug 2011). Values shown here are based on the 50th percentile exposure scenario for women and the mid-range scenario for dust exposure.
Data from (Lorber 2011). Data shown here are based on pathway specific intake estimates for adults.
Data from (Tian 2016). Data shown here are for adult exposures based on Fig. 4 in their manuscript.
Data from (Shan 2016). Data shown here are based on summed estimated daily intakes.
Data from (Harrad 2019).
Data from (Egeghy 2011). Values shown here represent the typical environmental exposure scenario shown in Fig. 3 in their manuscript.