Table 3.

Epidemiological studies investigating the association between AD, dementia, cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease.

Study	Study design	Main results
Alzheimer's disease
Hofman et al. (1997)	Population-based study	Atherosclerosis associated with a higher risk for AD and vascular dementia
Bunch et al. (2010)	Prospective cohort study	Atrial fibrillation associated with senile, vascular, and Alzheimer's dementia
Inaba et al. (2011)	Cohort study	White matter lesions associated with cognitive decline and AD
Zhou et al. (2015)	Meta-analysis	Stroke increased the risk of AD
Dementia
Vermeer et al. (2003)	Cohort study	The presence of silent brain infarcts more than double the risk of dementia
Newman et al. (2005)	Longitudinal cohort study	Coronary heart disease and peripheral artery disease associated with an increased risk for dementia
van Oijen et al. (2007)	Population-based, prospective cohort study	Atherosclerosis associated with an increased risk for dementia
Ikram et al. (2008)	Population-based cohort study	Men who suffered from myocardial infarction had an increased risk of dementia
Deckers et al. (2017)	Meta-analysis	Coronary heart disease associated with an increased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia
Cognitive impairment
Ott et al. (1997)	Cross-sectional, population-based study	Atrial fibrillation associated with cognitive impairment and dementia
Knecht et al. (2008)	Cross-sectional	Atrial fibrillation associated with cognitive impairment and hippocampal atrophy
Roberts et al. (2010)	Population-based cohort study	Coronary heart disease associated positively with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Marzona et al. (2012)	Randomized controlled trial	Atrial fibrillation associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in the absence of overt stroke
Thong et al. (2013)	Cohort study	Silent brain infarcts associated with cognitive impairment