Table 2.
Summary of studies evaluating 24-hour (24-h) levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion
| Reference | N | Follow-up time | Measure | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nyholm et al. 2005 [25] | 5 | Up to 37 months | Clinical observation | Improvements in motor function and sleep |
| Karlsborg et al. 2010 [26] | 3 | 1 month | UPDRS III | Two patients experienced reductions in score (35% and 48%), while 1 patient experienced a 50% increase |
| Busk and Nyholm 2012 [27] | 21 | 32 ± 28 months | PDSS-2 | Median (range) before 24-h treatment, 3 (2–4); during 24-h treatment, 1 (0–4), p < 0.001 |
| Chang et al. 2015 [28] | 5 | 6 months | Timed up-and-go 8-minute walk | Median (SD) at baseline, 7.78 (30.4) s; at follow-up, 8.03 (4.9) s |
| 360° turning time | Median (SD) at baseline, 15.47 (7.06) s; at follow-up, 8.27 (14.72) s | |||
| FOG questionnaire | Median (SD) at baseline, 18.0 (4.6); at follow-up, 15.5 (5.2) | |||
| Falls frequency | Median score at baseline, 4 (daily); at follow-up, 0 (none) | |||
| Ricciardi et al. 2016 [29] | 8 | 26 ± 31.6 months | NMSS sleep/fatigue | Mean (SD) at baseline, 19.3 (11.2); at follow-up, 9.5 (6.6), p = 0.02 |
| NMSS mood/cognition | Mean (SD) at baseline, 28.8 (24.7); at follow-up, 8.7 (8.6), p = 0.04 | |||
| NMSS hallucination | Mean (SD) at baseline, 8.8 (9.4); at follow-up, 4.2 (5.5), p = 0.04 | |||
| NMSS urinary symptoms | Mean (SD) at baseline, 15 (7.6); at follow-up, 4.6 (4.3), p = 0.04 | |||
| PDSS | Mean (SD) at baseline, 39 (11.7); at follow-up, 31.1 (14.3), p = 0.02 | |||
| Cruse et al. 2018 [24] | 12 | Median 27.5 months | UPDRS IV item 32 (time spent with dyskinesia) | Mean (SD) change, −1.5 (0.75), p = 0.01 |
| UPDRS IV item 33 (functional impact of dyskinesia) | Mean (SD) change, −1.7 (0.90), p = 0.016 | |||
| Morales-Briceño et al. 2019 [30] | 35 | 11 ± 2 months | UPDRS IV (total) |
16-h LCIG mean (SD), 9.3 (4.0) 24-h LCIG mean (SD), 7.0 (3.0) p = 0.001 |
| UPDRS IV item 36 (complexity of motor fluctuations subscore) |
16-h LCIG mean (SD), 2.2 (0.6) 24-h LCIG mean (SD), 1.5 (0.5) p = 0.002 |
|||
| Nyholm et al. 2020 [31] | 7 | N/A | LCIG pump data |
Median extra dose, 24-h LCIG, 32 mg (range: 0–82 mg) Median extra dose, 16-h LCIG, 20 mg (range: 6–40 mg) |
16-h 16 hour, FOG freezing of gait, N/A not available, NMSS Non-Motor Symptom Scale, PDSS-2 Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale, SD standard deviation, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale