Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author Year (setting) |
Intervention | Method of placental delivery | Responsible person for glove changing | Timing of glove change | n | Emergency CS (%) | Ruptured membrane (%) | Routine antibiotic prophylaxis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Atkinson 1996 (USA) |
No glove change | Manual | Not applicable | Not applicable | 162 | 80.0 | 59.0 | Received |
| No glove change | Spontaneous | Not applicable | Not applicable | 164 | 78.0 | 59.0 | ||
| Gloves change | Manual | Primary and assistant surgeons | After delivery of the fetus | 161 | 80.0 | 58.0 | ||
| Gloves change | Spontaneous | 156 | 83.0 | 52.0 | ||||
|
Cernadas 1998 (USA) |
No glove change | Manual | Not applicable | Not applicable | 26 | 46.2 | Mixed | Based on physicians and clinical circumstances |
| No glove change | Spontaneous | Not applicable | Not applicable | 27 | 44.4 | |||
| Glove change | Manual | Primary surgeons | After delivery of the fetus | 27 | 40.7 | |||
| Glove change | Spontaneous | 28 | 35.7 | |||||
|
Devvoor 2014 (India) |
No glove change | Not stated | Not applicable | Not applicable | 50 | 60.0 | Mixed | Received |
| Glove change | Not stated | Entire surgical team | After delivery of the fetus | 50 | 44.0 | |||
| Glove change | Not stated | After delivery of the placenta | 50 | 68.0 | ||||
|
Scrafford 2018 (USA) |
No glove change | Not stated | Not applicable | Not applicable | 250 | 0.0 | 39.4 | Received |
| Gloves change | Not stated | Entire surgical team | After delivery of the placenta | 236 | 0.0 | 42.0 | ||
|
Turrentine 1996 (USA) |
No glove change | Manual | Not applicable | Not applicable | 115 | 49.5 | Mixed | Received |
| Gloves change | Manual | Not stated | After delivery of the fetus | 113 | 54.9 | |||
|
Ventolini 2004 (USA) |
No glove change | Not stated | Not applicable | Not applicable | 46 | NR | Intact membrane | Received |
| Gloves change | Not stated | Entire surgical team | After delivery of the placenta | 46 | NR |
N, number of participants; CS, cesarean section; USA, United States; Manual, Manual placental removal method; Spontaneous, Spontaneous placental removal method; NR, not reported.