Table 1.
Classes of latency-reversing agents (LRAs)
| Class | Mechanisms of action | Prominent compounds64,65 |
|---|---|---|
| Epigenetic modifiers | HDAC inhibitor | vorinostat (SAHA), valproic acid (VPA), panobinostat, romidepsin |
| HMT inhibitor | AZ391, BIX-01294, UNC-0638 | |
| bromodomain inhibitor | JQ1, OTX-15, PFI-1 | |
| P-TEFb activator | chalcone, Amt-87 | |
| NF-κB stimulators | PKC agonist | bryostatin-1, ingenols, prostratin |
| SMAC mimetic | CAPE, MGD-486, pyrimethamine | |
| TLR agonists | TLRs 1–9 | imiquimod, Pam2CSK4, CL413, R-848, GS-986, 3M-002, MGN1703 |
| Extracellular stimulators | immune checkpoint blocker | nivolumab (anti-PD-1), ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4) |
| cytokine | TNF-α, ALT-803 (IL-15 agonist) | |
| Miscellaneous | proteasome inhibitor | ixazomib |
| PTEN dysregulator | disulfiram | |
| PI3K agonist | oxoglaucine | |
| SRC agonist | MCB-613 |
IL-15, interleukin-15; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.