Table 5.
Estimated effects and odds ratios of general patient factors, and disease-specific factors for preoperative PENN Shoulder Score (PSS), and 95% confidence intervals for each predictor in the full models in patients undergoing primary shoulder arthroplasty. The effects for numeric variables (Age, BMI, Education, VR-12 MCS, and CCI) are comparing the 25th vs. 75th percentiles shown in Table 1.
| PSS-Pain | PSS-Function | PSS-Satisfaction | Total PSS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Level | Estimated effect | Estimated effect | Odds Ratio | Estimated effect |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.0) | −2.1 (−3.2, −0.9)* | 0.91 (0.72, 1.13) | −1.8 (−3.4, −0.1) | |
| BMI | −0.01 (−0.4, 0.4) | −0.4 (−1.2, 0.4) | 1.1 (0.93, 1.29) | −0.4 (−1.5, 0.8) | |
| CCI | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.8) | 0.9 (−0.1, 1.9) | 1 (0.82, 1.23) | 1.2 (−0.3, 2.6) | |
| Education | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3)* | 1.8 (0.9, 2.7)* | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54)* | 3.7 (2.3, 5.0)* | |
| VR-12 MCS | 1.9 (1.3, 2.5)* | 3.1 (2.1, 4.2)* | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | 5.1 (3.5, 6.6)* | |
| Sex | Female | - | - | - | - |
| Male | 2.3 (1.5, 3.1)* | 5.2 (3.7, 6.6)* | 1.43 (1.08, 1.89)* | 7.7 (5.6, 9.7)* | |
| Race | White | - | - | - | - |
| Black | −1.4 (−3.0, 0.1) | −1.3 (−4.3, 1.8) | 0.76 (0.4, 1.46) | −2.8 (−7.1, 1.6) | |
| Other/ missing | 0.3 (−3.3, 3.9) | −1.8 (−8.2, 4.6) | 1.53 (0.41, 5.75) | −0.8 (−10.1, 8.5) | |
| Smoking status | Never | - | - | - | - |
| Quit | 0 (−0.8,0.8) | −0.4 (−1.8,1.0) | 0.82 (0.62,1.08) | −0.54 (−2.6,1.5) | |
| Current | −0.9 (−2.2,0.5) | −0.4 (−2.8,2.0) | 0.79 (0.49,1.29) | −1.3 (−4.8,2.1) | |
| Preoperative opioid use | No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | −1.4 (−2.2, −0.6)* | −2.5 (−4.0, −1.1)* | 0.86 (0.65,1.15) | −4.0 (−6.0, −1.9)* | |
| Chronic pain | No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | −0.5 (−1.3,0.3) | −0.5 (−1.9,0.9) | 0.77 (0.58,1.01) | −1.3 (−3.3,0.8) | |
| Employment status | Employed | - | - | - | - |
| Retired | −0.6 (−1.7,0.4) | −1.1 (−3.0,0.9) | 1.22 (0.84,1.76) | −1.4 (−4.2,1.4) | |
| Not-employed | −0.6 (−1.6,0.5) | −2.5 (−4.4, −0.6) | 1.08 (0.75,1.57) | −2.7 (−5.5, −0.01) | |
| Worker’s compensation | No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | −2.9 (−5.6, −0.2) | −5.6 (−10.4, −0.8) | 1.13 (0.39,3.28) | −7.4 (−14.4, −0.5) | |
| Surgical characteristics | |||||
| Prior surgery | No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 0.4 (−0.7,1.4) | 0.8 (−1.0,2.6) | 0.93 (0.64,1.34) | 1.1 (−1.5,3.7) | |
| Glenoid bone loss | No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | −0.5 (−1.3,0.2) | −1.4 (−2.8, −0.02) | 0.89 (0.68,1.16) | −2.1 (−4.0, −0.1) | |
| RC status‡ | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| 2 | 1.7 (0.7,2.7) | 1.4 (−0.4,3.2) | 0.94 (0.65,1.35) | 3.1 (0.5,5.8) | |
| 3 | 0.05 (−1.6,1.7) | 0.6 (−2.3,3.6) | 1.41 (0.76,2.62) | 1.5 (−2.7,5.8) | |
| 4 | 2.8 (1.0,4.6) | −0.9 (−4.0,2.2) | 0.95 (0.51,1.75) | 1.7 (−2.8,6.2) | |
| 1 vs (2,3,4) | −1.6 (−2.4, −0.7)* | −0.9 (−2.4, 0.7) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | −2.6 (−4.8, −0.3) | |
| 2 through 4 trend | 0.2 (−0.6, 1.1) | −1.1 (−2.7, 0.5) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.49) | −0.8 (−3.1, 1.4) | |
indicates statistically significant associations (in Bonferroni-Holm adjusted pairwise comparisons for 4 outcomes and omnibus tests for trichotomous variables).
Rotator cuff status subgroup 1: intact or small/medium tears in both the superior-posterior rotator cuff and subscapularis; subgroups 2 through 4: large/massive tears in the superior-posterior rotator cuff with subscapularis status classified respectively as (2) intact, (3) small/medium, or (4) large/massive tear