Table 2.
Associations between genetic ancestry and smoking-related phenotypes in GERA non-Hispanic whites and Hispanic/Latinos.
| GERA non-Hispanic whites | GERA Hispanic/Latinos | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking initiation | CPD (within all smokers) | Smoking initiation | CPD (within all smokers) | |||||
| β (SE) | P-value | β (SE) | P-value | β (SE) | P-value | β (SE) | P-value | |
| Model 1: Ancestry (age, sex, and PCs as covariates) | ||||||||
| PC1 | 0.80 (1.63) | 0.63 | 27.95 (11.68) | 0.017 | 17.67 (4.02) | 1.12 × 10−5 | 271.29 (25.66) | 3.34 × 10−25 |
| PC2 | −3.35 (1.84) | 0.07 | −50.32 (12.85) | 9.06 × 10−5 | 4.60 (3.22) | 0.15 | 17.30 (22.10) | 0.43 |
| Model 2: Model 1 and genetic risk score | ||||||||
| PC1 | 0.75 (1.65) | 0.65 | 34.07 (11.61) | 3.34 × 10−3 | 22.80 (4.15) | 4.07 × 10−8 | 263.32 (25.96) | 2.18 × 10−23 |
| PC2 | −3.89 (1.85) | 0.04 | −50.90 (12.76) | 6.69 × 10−5 | 4.83 (3.22) | 0.13 | 19.21 (22.10) | 0.38 |
| GRS | 1.02 (0.05) | 2.81 × 10−94 | 6.72 (0.50) | 2.25 × 10−40 | 0.79 (0.15) | 8.28 × 10−8 | 2.72 (1.40) | 0.052 |
| Model 3: Model 2 and socioeconomic factors | ||||||||
| PC1 | 2.24 (1.68) | 0.18 | 39.51 (11.51) | 6.02 × 10−4 | 27.85 (4.35) | 1.58 × 10−10 | 248.22 (26.95) | 1.14 × 10−19 |
| PC2 | −2.70 (1.88) | 0.15 | −46.06 (12.65) | 2.74 × 10−4 | 4.76 (3.30) | 0.15 | 18.99 (22.14) | 0.39 |
| GRS | 0.96 (0.05) | 5.44 × 10−81 | 6.73 (0.50) | 3.62 × 10−41 | 0.76 (0.15) | 2.87 × 10−7 | 2.89 (1.40) | 0.040 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.36 (0.33) | 0.27 | 7.16 (2.09) | 6.05 × 10−4 | 0.17 (0.23) | 0.44 | 1.04 (1.46) | 0.48 |
| High school | 0.80 (0.048) | 7.39 × 10−63 | 2.76 (0.29) | 2.12 × 10−21 | 0.61 (0.10) | 9.17 × 10−10 | −0.06 (0.61) | 0.92 |
| Some college | 0.56 (0.028) | 4.09 × 10−85 | 2.02 (0.19) | 8.74 × 10−27 | 0.43 (0.08) | 5.59 × 10−8 | 0.09 (0.50) | 0.86 |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Disabled | 0.33 (0.072) | 3.31 × 10−6 | 2.48 (0.42) | 4.54 × 10−9 | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.83 | 2.28 (1.14) | 0.047 |
| Unemployed | 0.17 (0.083) | 0.037 | −0.11 (0.53) | 0.84 | −0.09 (0.24) | 0.70 | 1.80 (1.44) | 0.21 |
| Part-time | −0.16 (0.032) | 4.81 × 10−7 | −0.20 (0.22) | 0.38 | −0.12 (0.10) | 0.24 | 0.94 (0.66) | 0.15 |
| Income | ||||||||
| <$20,000 | −0.01 (0.089) | 0.87 | −0.45 (0.57) | 0.43 | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.19 | −0.80 (0.52) | 0.13 |
| $20,000–$59,999 | 0.16 (0.03) | 1.94 × 10−6 | −0.32 (0.22) | 0.15 | 0.24 (0.18) | 0.19 | −1.62 (1.11) | 0.15 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 0.05 (0.043) | 0.22 | 0.87 (0.30) | 4.12 × 10−3 | −0.03 (0.11) | 0.76 | 1.40 (0.71) | 0.0496 |
| Separated/divorced | 0.25 (0.035) | 1.26 × 10−12 | 0.69 (0.23) | 2.31 × 10−3 | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.18 | 1.54 (0.62) | 0.012 |
Note: In model 3, sex (female), education (college or more), income ($60,000 or more), marital status (married or living as married), employment (full-time employed) served as the reference group. Each model was adjusted for age, sex, and additional PCs. We also included the percentage of Ashkenazi (ASHK) ancestry as a covariate for the non-Hispanic white analyses.
CPD number of cigarettes smoked per day, PC principal component, β beta, SE standard error, GRS genetic risk score (based on 365 SNPs previously reported to be associated with smoking initiation, or 53 SNPs previously reported to be associated with CPD).