Table 1.
Implication of different nanoparticles for reversal of ageing associated damages in plants
| S. No. | Species | Ageing/storage treatments | Nanoparticles | Fold change in %G after NP treatment | Key implications | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size (nm) | Shape | Concentration | ||||||
| (A) Silver nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Cicer arietinum |
Artificial ageing (40 °C for 24 h) |
15–60 | – |
Green NP 2% Chemical NP 2% |
1.75 1.66 |
Improved seed health with upliftment in physiological parameters and MSI along with up-regulation in enzymatic antioxidants, and proline | Khan et al. 2020 |
| 2 | Psophocarpus tetragonolobus |
Natural storage (3 Months) |
15.4–20.98 | Oval |
10 mg 50 mg 100 mg 250 mg |
1.31 1.53 1.33 1.32 |
Enhancement in germinability, antioxidant enzymes and biochemical activity, with genetic stability | Kumar et al. 2020a |
| 3 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (10 Years) |
19–37 | Spherical and ellipsoidal | 31.3 ppm |
1.5 (6th day) 1.08 (21st day) |
Improved seedling emergence, growth parameters and higher chlorophyll content | Acharya et al. 2019 |
| 4 | Glycine max |
Natural storage (10 Months) |
– | – |
500 ppm 1000 ppm 1500 ppm |
1.13 1.16 1.06 |
Maintenance of seed quality with high vigor and viability, lower EC | Dangi et al. 2019 |
| 5 | Capsicum annum | Natural ageing | 85 | Needle |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.01 1.09 1.03 |
Enhanced %G, root and shoot length, VI, along with minimal pathogen infection | Kumar et al. 2020b |
| 6 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (10 Months) |
50–100 | Spherical |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 1500 mgkg−1 |
1.08 1.15 1.11 1.1 |
Promoted germination and vigor of seeds | Anandraj et al. 2018 |
| 7 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (9 Months) |
50–100 | Spherical |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 1500 mgkg−1 |
1.08 1.15 1.11 1.1 |
Augmented germination and VI | Anandaraj and Natarajan 2017 |
| 8 | Oryza sativa |
Natural ageing (3 years) |
6–36 | Spherical and ellipsoidal |
10 mgL−1 20 mgL−1 |
1.12 1.15 |
Improved germination and vigor performance with up-regulation in gene expressions of α-amylase, aquaporins, and antioxidants | Mahakham et al. 2017 |
| 9 | Arachis hypogaea |
Natural storage (12 Months) |
40 | Spherical |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.04 1.30 1.38 |
Maintenance of seed qualities during storage | Shyla and Natarajan 2016 |
| 10 | Zea mays | Natural storage | < 50 | – | 1250 mgkg−1 | 1.15 | Increased germination percentage with high protein and carbohydrate contents | Maithreyee and Gowda 2015 |
| 11 | Arachis hypogaea |
Natural storage (13 Months) |
100 | Cylindrical |
500 mgkg−1 750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.01 1.12 1.25 1.32 |
Improvements in seed %G, VI, root and shoot length | Shyla and Natarajan 2014 |
| (B) Gold nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (10 Years) |
30–113 | Spherical | 5.4 ppm | 1.68 | Enhanced seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content | Acharya et al. 2019 |
| 2 | Zea mays |
Natural storage (10 years) |
10–30 | Spherical |
5 ppm 10 ppm 15 ppm |
1.92 1.84 1.69 |
Improved physiological and biochemical properties of seedlings | Mahakham et al. 2016 |
| (C) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Capsicum annum | Natural ageing | 100 | Cylindrical |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1 1.03 1.01 |
Enhanced germination, shoot length and VI | Kumar et al. 2020b |
| 2 | Zea mays | Natural storage | 100 | – |
200 mgkg−1 400 mgkg−1 600 mgkg−1 800 mgkg−1 |
1.25 1.25 1.18 1.14 |
Lower EC with higher dehydrogenase and peroxidase activity | Vijayalakshmi et al. 2018b |
| 3 | Arachis hypogaea |
Natural storage (12 months) |
100 | Cylindrical |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.02 1.33 1.19 |
Enhancement in germination, VI and CAT activity of aged seeds | Shyla and Natarajan 2016 |
| 4 | Arachis hypogaea |
Natural ageing (13 months) |
85–100 | Spherical |
500 mgkg−1 750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1 1.09 1.29 1.21 |
Improved germination, root and shoot length along with vigor | Shyla and Natarajan 2014 |
| 5 | Spinacia oleracea |
Natural ageing (3 years) |
– | – |
0.25% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 4.0% 6.0% |
1.06 1.09 1.17 1.42 1.52 1.75 1.64 −1.22 |
Improved growth potential and photosynthetic rate | Zheng et al. 2005 |
| (D) Zinc/Zinc oxide nanoparticles | ||||||||
| Zinc nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Capsicum annum | Natural ageing | 35–40 | Spherical |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.06 1.13 1.10 |
Increased germination parameters, EC and antioxidant system | Kumar et al. 2020b |
| 2 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (6 months) |
16 | Rod |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 1500 mgkg−1 |
1.06 1.2 1.16 1.1 |
Enhanced germination, seed vigor and physiological parameters | Anandraj et al. 2018 |
| 3 | Allium cepa |
Natural ageing (6 months) |
50–80 | Rod |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 1500 mgkg−1 |
1.06 1.2 1.16 1.1 |
Enhanced germination, shoot and root length with VI | Anandaraj and Natarajan 2017 |
| 4 | Lycopersicon esculentum | Accelerated ageing | – | Rod |
400 mgkg 600 mgkg 800 mgkg 1000 mgkg |
1.07 1.10 1.10 1.07 |
Improvement in germination and VI | Tamilkumar et al. 2016 |
| 5 | Zea mays | Natural storage | < 50 | – | 1500 mgkg−1 | 1.12 | Boosted seed quality and biochemical activity | Maithreyee and Gowda 2015 |
| 6 | Arachis hypogaea |
Natural ageing (13 months) |
35–40 | Rod |
500 mgkg−1 750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.05 1.14 1.36 1.29 |
Improved VI with germination, root and shoot length | Shyla and Natarajan 2014 |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 7 | Arachis hypogaea | Natural storage | 25 | – |
50 ppm 100 ppm 250 ppm 500 ppm 750 ppm 1000 ppm |
1.12 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.33 1.27 |
Promoted seed germination, root and shoot length, and VI | Harish et al. 2019 |
| 8 | Cajanus cajan |
Natural storage (10 months) |
– | – |
500 ppm 750 ppm |
1.26 1.29 |
Lowered insect infestation with higher germination and VI | Korishettar et al. 2017 |
| 9 | Arachis hypogaea |
Natural storage (12 months) |
35–45 | Rod |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 |
1.04 1.38 1.33 |
Enhanced seed germination, VI and CAT activity | Shyla and Natarajan 2016 |
| (E) Iron/Iron oxide nanoparticles | ||||||||
| Iron nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Glycine max |
Natural storage (10 months) |
– | – |
500 ppm 1000 ppm 1500 ppm |
1.22 1.18 1.09 |
Augmentation in seed germination, root and shoot length, seedling growth, dry weight, VI and MSI | Dangi et al. 2019 |
| 2 | Arachis hypogaea | Natural storage | – | – |
50 ppm 100 ppm 250 ppm 500 ppm 1000 ppm 2000 ppm |
1.11 1.13 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.11 |
Improvement in germination, VI and seed viability | Harish et al. 2019 |
| 3 | Cajanus cajan |
Natural ageing (10 months) |
– | – |
250 ppm 500 ppm |
1.24 1.27 |
Increased germination, seedling length, field emergence, dry weight, α-amylase and dehydrogenase activities | Korishettar et al. 2017 |
| Iron oxide nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 4 | Glycine max | Natural storage | < 50 | – | 1250 mgkg−1 | 1.15 | Improved seedling VI | Maithreyee and Gowda 2015 |
| (F) Silica nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Oryza sativa |
Natural storage (1 month) |
93.14 | Spherical |
25 mgL−1 50 mgL−1 75 mgL−1 100 mgL−1 125 mgL−1 150 mgL−1 175 mgL−1 200 mgL−1 |
1 1 1.01 1.04 1.11 1.07 1.06 1.05 |
Improved physiological performance and minimized pathogen infection | Patil et al. 2018 |
| 2 | Glycine max | Accelerated ageing (41 °C for 24–48 h) | – | – |
40 ppm 60 ppm |
– | Increased germination rate, and reduced the time lapse of germination | Gandomani and Omidi 2017 |
| (G) Copper oxide nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (6 month) |
80–140 | Crystalline |
750 mgkg−1 1000 mgkg−1 1250 mgkg−1 1500 mgkg−1 |
1 1.1 1.1 1.01 |
Improved germination and physiological traits | Anandraj and Natarajan 2017 |
| 2 | Zea mays | Natural storage | < 50 | – | 1500 mgkg−1 | 1.13 | Increased amylase activity consequently germinability | Maithreyee and Gowda 2015 |
| (H) Calcium carbonate nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Arachis hypogaea | Natural storage | – | – |
50 ppm 100 ppm 250 ppm 500 ppm 1000 ppm 2000 ppm |
1.12 1.17 1.15 1.10 1.09 1.07 |
Improved germination and physiological parameters | Harish et al. 2019 |
| (I) Nanoformulated materials | ||||||||
| Organic nanoparticle | ||||||||
| 1 | Solanum lycopersicum | Accelerated ageing |
Annona muricata Leaf, Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed, Curcuma longa rhizome |
100–400 | – |
0.10% 0.25% 0.5% 1% |
Improvement in seed qualities | Vijayalakshmi et al. 2018a |
| 2 | Cajanus cajan |
Accelerated ageing (40 °C for 3 days) |
Sargassum myricocystum, Caulerpa racemose, Gracilaria edulis |
– | – | 1% | Enhancement in seed quality and germinability | Ambika and Sujatha 2016 |
| Nanoemulsion | ||||||||
| 3 | Allium cepa |
Natural storage (10 years) |
Curcuma longa Citrus limon |
141.3 139.8 |
– | – | Increased germination, plant height and leaf number | Acharya et al. 2019 |
| (J) Chitosan nanoparticles | ||||||||
| 1 | Capsicum annum | Accelerated ageing | – | Cubic with sharp edges |
20 ppm 100 ppm |
1.19 1.30 |
Lowered the pathogen infection | Chookhongkha et al. 2012 |
*%G: germination percentage; CAT: catalase; EC: electrical conductivity; NP: nanoparticle; MSI: membrane stability index; VI: vigor index