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. 2021 Feb 25;11:4523. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84071-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic summary of the study design. Purple panel: An overview and a timeline of sample reprogramming and differentiation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cerebral organoids (COs) or H9 human embryonic stem cells (H9 hESCs) to COs. Red panel: An overview of electrophysiology experiments (action potentials, spontaneous activity, and sodium and potassium currents) in cerebral organoids. Blue panel: An overview of mitochondrial (mt-) genetics (mtDNA haplogroup, heteroplasmy and copy number), function (oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential) and morphology assessment across PBMCs to iPSCs to COs or H9 hESCs to COs.