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. 2021 Feb 12;11:606759. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606759

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Copyright © 2021 Chao, Cheng, Chang, Huang, Liao, Cheng, Peng and Pao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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PLS-DA score plots (A) Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) spectrum of serum samples for small molecule metabolites (R²X = 0.736, R²Y = 0.875, Q² = 0.845) (B) Longitudinal eddy-current delay-bipolar pulse pair (LED-BPP) spectrum of serum samples for large-molecule metabolites (R²X = 0.841, R²Y = 0.892, Q² = 0.874) (C) Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectrum of liver samples for water-soluble metabolites (R²X = 0.736, R²Y = 0.586, Q² = 0.359) (D) NOESY spectrum of liver samples for lipid-soluble metabolites (R²X = 0.927, R²Y = 0.567, Q² = 0.332) (E) NOESY spectrum of muscle samples for water-soluble metabolites (R²X = 0.433, R₂Y = 0.618, Q² = 0.435) (F) NOESY spectrum of urine samples for metabolites (R²X = 0.646, R²Y = 0.892, Q² = 0.799). Nor: normal group; HFD + STZ: diabetes group; GA: treatment group.