Table 2.

Results for secondary outcomes at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months (intention to treat) based on linear mixed-effect model, adjusting for baseline scores, age, gender, duration of pain and location of clinic

Outcome measure	Time point	Injection intervention group				Exercise intervention group
		US guided	Unguided	Adjusted* between group comparison (reference: unguided)		Physiotherapist led	Advice and exercise leaflet	Adjusted* between group comparison (reference: leaflet)
Numerical measures		Observed mean (SD)	Observed mean (SD)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value	Observed mean (SD)	Observed mean (SD)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P value
SPADI† pain subscale	6 weeks	47.6 (25.6)	49.5 (26.0)	−1.92 (−7.68 to 3.83)	0.513	45.6 (25.6)	51.4 (25.7)	−3.03 (−8.96 to 2.89)	0.315
	6 months	47.0 (26.8)	50.1 (28.0)	−3.60 (−9.94 to 2.74)	0.266	42.9 (27.6)	54.3 (26.1)	−9.25 (−15.74 to −2.75)	0.005
	12 months	40.8 (28.7)	40.4 (27.7)	−0.84 (−8.67 to 7.00)	0.834	36.5 (28.0)	44.7 (27.9)	−4.87 (−12.86 to 3.11)	0.231
SPADI† disability subscale	6 weeks	35.6 (25.3)	37.3 (24.2)	−2.47 (−7.79 to 2.85)	0.363	35.7 (23.9)	37.0 (25.4)	−0.21 (−5.68 to 5.27)	0.941
	6 months	37.3 (26.6)	38.6 (26.4)	−1.82 (−7.63 to 4.00)	0.540	33.8 (26.0)	42.2 (26.2)	−7.15 (−13.10 to −1.19)	0.019
	12 months	33.4 (25.8)	29.0 (25.2)	3.09 (−3.93 to 10.12)	0.388	28.5 (25.6)	33.7 (25.4)	−2.98 (−10.13 to 4.18)	0.415
Current shoulder pain severity	1 week	4.9 (2.2)	5.0 (2.3)	−0.15 (−0.73 to 0.44)	0.620	4.9 (2.3)	5.0 (2.2)	0.12 (−0.48 to 0.72)	0.697
	6 weeks	3.6 (2.6)	4.2 (2.7)	−0.58 (−1.23 to 0.07)	0.083	3.4 (2.4)	4.4 (2.8)	−0.63 (−1.31 to 0.05)	0.071
	6 months	3.9 (2.8)	4.4 (3.1)	−0.54 (−1.28 to 0.20)	0.155	3.7 (2.9)	4.6 (2.8)	−0.54 (−1.31 to 0.23)	0.172
	12 months	3.3 (2.6)	3.1 (2.8)	−0.29 (−1.16 to 0.57)	0.506	2.6 (2.7)	3.8 (2.6)	−0.50 (−1.40 to 0.39)	0.271
Pain self-efficacy‡	6 weeks	42.4 (15.1)	39.2 (14.9)	2.74 (−0.04 to 5.51)	0.053	41.5 (14.5)	40.0 (15.6)	1.10 (−1.75 to 3.95)	0.451
	6 months	39.6 (15.7)	40.5 (14.7)	−0.83 (−4.44 to 2.78)	0.652	40.5 (15.5)	39.6 (15.0)	0.67 (−3.07 to 4.41)	0.725
	12 months	43.0 (16.5)	43.6 (15.6)	2.10 (−2.66 to 6.88)	0.387	45.4 (16.5)	41.2 (15.2)	2.79 (−2.13 to 7.71)	0.267
Fear of movement§	6 weeks	24.7 (6.7)	25.2 (6.1)	−1.01 (−2.37 to 0.35)	0.146	24.4 (6.9)	25.5 (5.7)	−0.72 (−2.11 to 0.67)	0.310
	6 months	24.9 (7.1)	25.2 (6.5)	−0.73 (−2.42 to 0.95)	0.394	24.3 (7.0)	25.7 (6.6)	−1.13 (−2.85 to 0.60)	0.201
	12 months	23.9 (7.3)	24.0 (7.0)	−1.20 (−3.36 to 0.96)	0.276	24.0 (7.5)	23.9 (7.2)	0.14 (−2.07 to 2.36)	0.898
Illness perception
Consequences¶	6 weeks	4.3 (2.9)	4.9 (3.0)	−0.47 (−1.18 to 0.24)	0.197	4.3 (2.7)	4.9 (3.1)	−0.33 (−1.06 to 0.40)	0.378
	6 months	4.4 (3.1)	4.8 (3.2)	−0.12 (−0.91 to 0.68)	0.772	4.1 (3.2)	5.0 (3.1)	−0.77 (−1.59 to 0.06)	0.068
	12 months	3.6 (3.1)	3.3 (3.1)	0.13 (−0.79 to 1.05)	0.776	2.9 (3.0)	4.0 (3.1)	−0.97 (−1.92 to -0.02)	0.045
Timeline**	6 weeks	5.7 (3.2)	6.2 (3.2)	−0.61 (−1.41 to 0.20)	0.139	5.3 (3.0)	6.6 (3.2)	−1.19 (−2.01 to -0.36)	0.005
	6 months	6.8 (3.3)	7.0 (3.4)	−0.25 (−1.20 to 0.70)	0.609	6.2 (3.4)	7.5 (3.2)	−0.79 (−1.78 to 0.19)	0.113
	12 months	5.8 (3.7)	5.8 (3.8)	0.01 (−1.16 to 1.19)	0.981	5.4 (3.8)	6.3 (3.7)	−0.74 (−1.94 to 0.47)	0.232
Personal control††	6 weeks	4.7 (3.0)	4.3 (2.9)	0.18 (−0.57 to 0.94)	0.637	4.3 (2.8)	4.7 (3.1)	−0.32 (−1.10 to 0.47)	0.426
	6 months	4.6 (3.0)	4.6 (3.2)	−0.20 (−1.06 to 0.67)	0.652	4.8 (3.1)	4.3 (3.1)	0.39 (−0.51 to 1.29)	0.396
	12 months	5.0 (3.1)	5.4 (3.2)	−0.25 (−1.29 to 0.79)	0.639	5.8 (3.1)	4.5 (3.0)	1.36 (0.29 to 2.43)	0.013
Treatment control‡‡	6 weeks	6.5 (2.8)	5.6 (3.2)	0.76 (−0.01 to 1.52)	0.053	6.4 (2.8)	5.7 (3.2)	0.41 (−0.38 to 1.20)	0.312
	6 months	6.0 (2.9)	5.4 (3.5)	0.41 (−0.51 to 1.32)	0.385	6.2 (2.9)	5.3 (3.4)	0.80 (−0.14 to 1.75)	0.096
	12 months	6.0 (3.4)	5.8 (3.5)	0.59 (−0.55 to 1.74)	0.309	6.6 (3.2)	5.2 (3.5)	1.16 (0.18 to 2.14)	0.020
Emotional representation§§	6 weeks	3.5 (3.4)	4.8 (3.2)	−0.93 (−1.58 to −0.28)	0.005	3.9 (3.3)	4.4 (3.4)	−0.50 (−1.17 to 0.18)	0.148
	6 months	3.8 (3.4)	4.2 (3.5)	−0.16 (−0.97 to 0.66)	0.707	3.5 (3.4)	4.4 (3.4)	−0.87 (−1.70 to −0.03)	0.043
	12 months	2.9 (3.1)	3.1 (3.1)	0.08 (−0.96 to 1.13)	0.875	2.6 (3.1)	3.4 (3.1)	−0.94 (−0.20 to 0.12)	0.083
Short Form-12 (SF-12)
SF-12-PCS	6 weeks	40.7 (10.7)	42.0 (10.1)	−0.67 (−2.52 to 1.17)	0.476	41.4 (10.6)	41.3 (10.3)	0.62 (−1.30 to 2.54)	0.526
	6 months	40.7 (11.2)	41.9 (10.4)	−1.13 (−3.55 to 1.29)	0.360	42.4 (10.5)	40.2 (11.1)	2.46 (−0.04 to 4.97)	0.054
	12 months	41.7 (10.9)	43.3 (12.2)	−0.03 (−3.22 to 3.17)	0.988	43.4 (11.1)	41.7 (12.1)	1.62 (−1.66 to 4.91)	0.333
SF-12-MCS	6 weeks	50.2 (11.1)	48.3 (12.3)	1.42 (−0.61 to 3.44)	0.171	49.9 (12.0)	48.5 (11.6)	1.62 (−0.47 to 3.71)	0.128
	6 months	49.7 (11.9)	48.1 (11.7)	−0.23 (−2.88 to 2.42)	0.865	49.4 (12.0)	48.4 (11.6)	0.11 (−2.62 to 2.84)	0.939
	12 months	49.2 (13.1)	49.9 (10.9)	−1.16 (−4.65 to 2.32)	0.513	49.3 (11.6)	49.8 (12.4)	−1.43 (−5.00 to 2.14)	0.432
Work outcomes
Work performance	6 weeks	1.6 (2.8)	2.0 (2.8)	−0.40 (−1.11 to 0.28)	0.218	1.5 (2.5)	2.1 (3.0)	−0.60 (−1.38 to 0.03)	0.063
	6 months	1.5 (2.6)	2.0 (2.9)	−0.50 (−1.16 to 0.31)	0.251	1.3 (2.5)	2.2 (2.9)	−0.90 (−1.58 to -0.19)	0.016
	12 months	1.1 (2.2)	1.5 (2.4)	−0.40 (−1.01 to 0.21)	0.214	1.0 (2.1)	1.5 (2.5)	−0.50 (−1.18 to 0.13)	0.105
Work presenteeism	6 weeks	7.5 (9.2)	9.3 (9.7)	−1.8 (−4.14 to 0.61)	0.146	7.0 (9.1)	8.9 (9.6)	−1.90 (−4.10 to 0.65)	0.158
	6 months	6.9 (8.9)	8.7 (9.5)	−1.8 (−4.27 to 0.64)	0.141	6.8 (9.1)	8.8 (9.3)	−2.00 (−4.40 to 0.42)	0.106
	12 months	6.1 (8.7)	9.0 (9.6)	−2.9 (−5.36 to −0.32)	0.029	6.9 (9.1)	8.2 (9.4)	−1.30 (−3.88 to 1.26)	0.313
Time off work (days)	6 weeks	1.7 (7.8)	1.2 (10.6)	0.49 (−2.16 to 2.40)	0.687	0.8 (4.8)	2.1 (12.2)	−1.31 (−4.15 to 0.58)	0.278
	6 months	1.1 (7.8)	2.4 (20.2)	−1.27 (−6.20 to 1.5)	0.534	1.1 (8.4)	2.5 (19.9)	−1.38 (−6.32 to 1.74)	0.501
	12 months	1.0 (4.4)	4.3 (21.7)	−3.30 (−8.7 to 0.09)	0.136	3.3 (20.4)	2.1 (9.5)	1.24 (−2.31 to 6.33)	0.577

Categorical measures		n (%)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	n (%)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value
Global assessment of overall change
Completely recovered or much better	6 weeks	39 (37.9)	32 (29.9)	1.79 (0.57 to 5.69)	0.321	40 (38.1)	31 (29.5)	1.46 (0.45 to 4.69)	0.529
	6 months	35 (36.7)	31 (34.1)	1.05 (0.35 to 3.16)	0.926	38 (41.3)	28 (29.5)	1.66 (0.54 to 5.12)	0.374
	12 months	36 (44.4)	41 (49.4)	0.72 (0.15 to 3.53)	0.685	46 (56.8)	31 (37.4)	3.47 (0.65 to 18.65)	0.147
Shoulder pain at night
Troubled most or every night	6 weeks	45 (43.3)	56 (52.8)	0.54 (0.23 to 1.25)	0.153	44 (41.9)	57 (54.3)	0.65 (0.27 to 1.52)	0.315
	6 months	41 (43.2)	46 (50.6)	0.73 (0.31 to 1.76)	0.488	36 (39.6)	51 (53.7)	0.56 (0.23 to 1.37)	0.204
	12 months	32 (39.5)	25 (30.5)	1.66 (0.61 to 4.53)	0.322	19 (23.8)	38 (45.8)	0.34 (0.12 to 0.95)	0.039

*Adjusted for age, sex, current shoulder problem duration and clinic location.

†SPADI subscales, ranges from 0 to 100; 0=no pain/difficulty, 100=worst pain/so difficult it required help.

‡Pain self-efficacy scale: 10 item scale, score range=0–60 (0=not at all confident, 60=completely confident).

§Tampa scale for kinesiophobia-11–score range from 11 to 44 with higher scores reflecting greater fear of movement or (re)injury.

¶How much does your shoulder pain affect your life? rated on a 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), 0=no affect at all, 10=severely affects my life.

**How long do you think your shoulder pain will continue? 0–10 NRS, 0=a very short time, 10=forever.

††How much control do you feel you have over your shoulder problem? 0–10 NRS, 0=absolutely no control, 10=extreme amount of control.

‡‡How much do you think your treatment can help your shoulder problem? 0–10 NRS, 0=not at all, 10=extremely helpful.

§§How much does your shoulder problem affect you emotionally? 0–10 NRS, 0=not at all affected emotionally, 10=extremely affected emotionally; 10SF-12-PCS; SF-12-MCS=SF-12 (scales are based on a ‘Normalised’ general population average of 50 with SD of 10).

MCS, Mental Component Scale; PCS, Physical Component Scale; SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; US, ultrasound.