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. 2021 Feb 12;9:621748. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.621748

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Copyright © 2021 Kouroupis and Correa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Therapeutic properties of MSC spheroids in vivo. Upon infusion in vivo, MSC spheroid “medicinal signaling” activities are exerted by the paracrine secretion of modulatory mediators that possess immunomodulatory and trophic (i.e., angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic, and mitogenic) actions. MSC spheroids have been safely and effectively applied in various preclinical animal models for the treatment of skin wounds, myocardial infarction, vascular injury/ischemia, liver injury, kidney injury, bone and osteochondral defects, and knee synovitis.