Table 2.
Dynamic risk factors associated with suicide in prisoners (in domains and ordered by odds ratio)
| Study group* | Number of studies | Cases, n/N (%)† | Controls, n/N (%)† | Pooled odds ratio (95% CI) | z | p value | I2, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical risk factors | ||||||||
| Suicidal ideation60, 84 | 1 | 2 | 93/250 (37·2%) | 15/401 (3·7%) | 15·2 (8·5–27·0) | 9·2 | <0·0001 | 0% |
| History of attempted suicide58, 60, 83, 84 | 1 | 4 | 198/400 (49·5%) | 81/753 (10·8%) | 8·2 (4·4–15·3) | 6·7 | <0·0001 | 63% |
| History of self-harm12, 58, 60, 83, 84 | 1 and 2 | 5 | 312/611 (51·1%) | 123/970 (12·7%) | 7·1 (4·4–11·5) | 7·9 | <0·0001 | 65% |
| Current psychiatric diagnosis12, 20, 36, 58, 60, 83, 84 | 1 and 2 | 7 | 341/791 (43·1%) | 115/985 (11·7%) | 6·4 (3·6–11·1) | 6·5 | <0·0001 | 75% |
| Depression36, 65 | 1 and 2 | 2 | 17/62 (27·4%) | 5/62 (8·1%) | 4·9 (1·6–14·8) | 2·8 | 0·0052 | 0% |
| Psychotropic medication12, 60, 78 | 1 | 3 | 187/483 (38·7%) | 93/654 (14·2%) | 3·8 (2·8–5·1) | 9·1 | <0·0001 | 0% |
| Alcohol misuse12, 58, 83 | 1 | 3 | 140/378 (37·0%) | 106/560 (18·9%) | 2·5 (1·4–4·3) | 3·2 | 0·0014 | 68% |
| Poor physical health65, 83 | 1 | 2 | 31/86 (36·0%) | 32/125 (25·6%) | 2·0 (0·7–5·9) | 1·3 | 0·10 | 26% |
| Institutional risk factors | ||||||||
| Single-cell occupancy12, 60, 65 | 1 and 2 | 3 | 310/435 (71·3%) | 167/519 (32·2%) | 6·8 (2·3–19·8) | 3·5 | 0·0004 | 90% |
| No social visits12, 50, 60 | 1 and 2 | 3 | 445/750 (59·3%) | 426/907 (47·0%) | 1·9 (1·5–2·4) | 4·3 | <0·0001 | 20% |
*
Group 1 studies use a randomly selected or matched control group and group 2 studies use the total or average prison population during a matched period.
†
n denotes number of cases or controls with risk factor and N denotes total number of cases or controls.