Figure. Comparison of Unadjusted and Adjusted Models for the Association Between Parent-Reported Frequency of Snoring and Cognitive Test Scores Among Children Aged 9 to 10 Years.

Estimated marginal mean scores of cognitive tests included in the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery. Habitual snoring represents children who snore 3 or more nights per week, and nonhabitual snoring represents children who snore 1 to 2 nights per week. All outcome measures were derived from linear mixed-effects models. Span of vertical shading represents 95% CIs. Flanker indicates Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test, which measures inhibitory control and attention. A, Unadjusted models. Models include only the principal fixed effect (snoring frequency), with recruitment site as a random effect. B, Adjusted models. Models include age, sex, race, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) percentile, highest educational level of caregiver, and annual household income, with recruitment site as a random effect.