Table 1.

Overview of the most significant changes in the ECR profiles. For each country we summarize which governmental measures were taken in close proximity to the changes estimated in the ECR $\widehat{\beta }$. The numerical values of the $\widehat{\beta }$ before and after the measures are presented together with the relative and absolute change

Country	Date	Measures	ECR (β) change	Relative change	Absolute change
Italy	02–23	Closure of schools + banning events in red zone	9.14 → 1.60	0.83	7.54
	03–07	Lockdown in red zone	1.56 → 1.28	0.18	0.28
	03–10	Full lockdown	1.28 → 0.91	0.29	0.37
	03–17	None (enforced police force)	0.91 → 0.46	0.49	0.45
Spain	03–10	Closure of schools + banning events in red zone	3.14 → 1.18	0.62	1.96
	03–22	None (enforced police force)	1.18 → 0.48	0.59	0.70
Germany	03–15	Closure of schools + event banning (+ railway reduction)	2.02 → 0.68	0.66	1.34
	03–25	Lockdown	0.68 → 0.31	0.54	0.37
UK	03–15	None (increased to high risk level)	1.71 → 1.08	0.37	0.63
	03–24	Lockdown	1.08 → 0.74	0.32	0.34
	03–31	None (information to public)	0.74 → 0.37	0.50	0.37
Netherlands	03–17	Closure of schools + restaurants (+ request to stay inside)	1.21 → 0.93	0.23	0.28
	03–24	Lockdown (fines + enforced police force)	0.93 → 0.34	0.63	0.59
Belgium	03–13	Closure of schools + restaurants + banning events	1.44 → 1.30	0.10	0.14
	03–25	None (lockdown extended)	1.30 → 0.34	0.74	0.96
Sweden	03–12	Banning events + warnings to public	0.88 → 0.57	0.35	0.21
	03–29	Stricter measures banning events	0.57 → 0.45	0.21	0.12