Table 3.

Summary of clinical attempts to nebulise surfactant during non-invasive ventilation

Study (author—year)	Patients (GA in weeks and BW in Kg)	Nebulizer type	Ventilation	Nebulizer position	Interface	Drug	Particle size
Jorch et al. 1997	31 (28–35) BW N.A:	Jet	Bubble CPAP	Y piece	Nasopharyngeal tube	Animal derived surfactant Bovactant	< 4 µm (98% of the particles)
Arroe et al. 1998	23–36 BW N.A	Jet	nCPAP	Inspiratory limb	Unknown	Animal derived surfactant—colfosceril palmitate	N.A
Berggren et al. 2000	27–34 1.62 (1.01–2.37)	Jet	Infant flow	inspiratory limb	Prongs	Animal derived surfactant –	< 2 µm
Finer et al	28–32 1.50 (1.00–2.30)	Vibrating-membrane	Several NIV types	Y piece	Prongs	Synthetic surfactant—KL4	N.A
Guardia et al. 2018	29–34 BW unknown	Capillary Aerosol Generator (CAG)	Bubble CPAP	Y piece	Affectair®	Synthetic surfactant—KL4	N.A
Sood et al. 2019	24–36 0.79–2.25	Jet	nCPAP/nIPPV unspecified driver	Inspiratory Limb	N.A	Animal derived surfactant—Beractant	N.A
Minocchieri et al. 2019	29–33 1.56 (mean)	Vibrating-membrane	Bubble CPAP	Y piece	facial mask (with hole)	Animal derived surfactant—Poractant alfa	2.6 µm (MMD)
Cummings et al. 2020	23–41 1.96 (0.59–4.80)	Jet	Several NIV types	Inside the mouth	Pacifier adapter	Animal derived surfactant—Calfactant	N.A

nCPAP, nasal continuous positive airway pressure; N.A., not available; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; nIPPV, nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation; MMD, mass median diameter