Table 2. Common Solvents used in C–H Activation, Associated Hazards, and Environmental Burdensa.
| solvent | cost/L (US $)b | hazardb | environment |
|---|---|---|---|
| HFIP | 1170 | a, e | f, g |
| TFA | 492 | a | g |
| THF | 119 | a, b, c | g |
| DCE | 116 | a, b, c, d | e, f, g |
| DMF | 109 | a, b, c, d | |
| NMP | 104 | a, c, d | |
| 1,4-dioxane | 92 | a, b, c | g |
| CH2Cl2 | 67 | a, b | e, f |
a
a. Toxicity. b. Cancer risk. c. Flammable. d. Fertility risk. e. Severe greenhouse gas. f. Ozone depletory. g. Environmentally persistent.
b
Source: Sigma-Aldrich, accessed October 2020. Batch size chosen was closest to 1 L; solvent grade.