Table 3. Common Biosolvents, Miscibility, Costs, and Sources.
| solvent | cost/L (US $)a | water miscible | substitutes | source153 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GVL | 571 | yes | polar aprotics | sugars |
| 2-MeTHF | 235 | no | ethers, chlorinated | sugars |
| eucalyptol | 218 | no | various | paper industry |
| cyrene | 191 | yes | polar aprotics | cellulose |
| limonene | 144 | no | alkanes | citrus waste |
| ethyl acetate | 71 | no | esters | sugars or petrochem |
| ethyl lactate | 68 | yes | esters | starch |
| cymene | 57 | no | alkanes, aryls | paper industry |
| PEG-400 | 43 | yes | various | sugars |
| ethanolb | 40 | yes | alcohols | sugars or petrochem |
a
Source: Sigma-Aldrich, accessed October 2020.
b
Denatured. Batch size chosen was closest to 1 L; solvent grade.