TABLE 3.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Year | Animal species | Model (Ischemia Duration and Anesthetics) | Intervention | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group (N, Mass Fraction, Route) | Dosage | Time | Outcome Items/Time/Sample size) |
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| Chen Jie Chen et al. (2015) | 2015 | SD rats, 260–300 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, 10% Chloral hydrate (3.5 ml/kg) | PNS (n = 20, ip) | PNS 100 mg/kg | 15 min before and 6 h after occlusion | 1. NDS (ZL, 22 h) 2. CIV (2% TTC, 22 h) 3. The content of Evans blue 4.IL-1β, TNF-α in brain tissue |
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| Chen Ming Chen et al. (2007) | 2007 | SD rats, 250–300 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, NR | 1. PNS-30 min before occlusion (n = 8, ip) 2. PNS-2 h after occlusion (n = 8, ip) 3. PNS-30 min before and 2 h after occlusion (n = 8, ip) |
PNS 50 mg/kg PNS 50 mg/kg PNS 50 mg/kg*2 |
30 min before occlusion 2 h after occlusion 30 min before and 2 h after occlusion |
1. NDS (ZL, 0.5/1/4/8/24 h) 2. p53 protein in the ischemic region by immunohistochemistry |
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| He Yan He et al. (2017) | 2017 | Wistar rats, 200–220 g, F/M | MCAO (ZL), 1 h, Chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg, ip) | 1. PNS (n = 8, ig) 2. SS combination-H (n = 8, ig) 3. SS combination-M (n = 8, ig) 4. SS combination-L (n = 8, ig) 5. PNLS (n = 8, ig) 6. Hawthorn leaf extract groups (n = 8, ig) |
PNS 42 mg/kg SS combination-H 24.5 mg/kg SS combination-M 12.25 mg/kg SS combination-L 6.125 mg/kg PNLS 10.5 mg/kg Hawthorne P.E 14 mg/kg |
Drug was administered at 7 days before occlusion, and surgery was performed at 5 days after administration | 1. NDS (ZL, 48 h) 2. CIV (2% TTC, 24 h) by pathological morphology |
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| Jiang Huihui Jiang et al. (2015) | 2015 | SPF SD rats, 180–220 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, 10% Chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg) | 1. PNS (n = 12, NR) 2. Nimodipine (n = 12, NR) |
PNS 25 mg/kg Nimodipine 1 mg/kg |
7 days before surgery | 1. NDS (ZL, 24 h) 2. CIV (2% TTC, 24 h) by pathological morphology 3. VEGF |
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| Li Jingxian Li et al. (2017) | 2017 | SPF SD rats, 220–250 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, 10% Chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg, ip) | 1. AST IV (n = 8, above 98%, ig) 2. PNS (n = 8, above 98%, ig) 3. AST IV+PNS-H (n = 8, ig) 4. AST IV+PNS-L (n = 8, ig) |
AST IV 28 mg/kg PNS 80 mg/kg AST IV 56 mg/kg+ PNS 160 mg/kg AST IV 28 mg/kg+ PNS 80 mg/kg |
administered 2 days before occlusion | 1. NDS (ZL, 24 h) 2. CIV (2% TTC, 24 h) by pathological morphology 3. The contents of AST IV, Rg1, Rb1, R1 in rat plasma of different time points |
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| Lin Jun Lin et al. (2019) | 2019 | SPF SD rats, 250–300 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, NR | PNS (subgroup n = 12, ip) include 4 subgroups: sacrificed 24/72 h/7 days/3 weeks after reperfusion | PNS 50 mg/kg | 4 h after surgery until the sacrifice time | 1. NDS (ZL, 24/72 h/7 days/3 weeks) 2. Ultramicrostructure of NVU in the peri-ischemic brain tissue by electron microscopy (24/72 h/7 days/3 weeks) 3. NeuN, GFAP and LN (24/72 h/7 days/3 weeks) |
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| Liu Lixing Liu et al. (2014b) | 2014 | SD rats, 280–320 g, M | MCAO (ZL), NR,10% Chloral hydrate (10 ml/kg, ip) | 1. PNS-H (subgroup n = 8, ip) 2. PNS-L (subgroup n = 8, ip) 3. Nimodipine (subgroup n = 8, ig) |
PNS 7.2 mg/(100 g·d) PNS 3.6 mg/(100 g·d) Nimodipine 1.44 mg/(100 g·d) |
5 h after the surgery for 3/7/14/28 days | 1. NDS (ZL, 5/24/48/72 h) 2. PSD-95, Syp in brain tissue (3/7/14/28 days) |
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| Liu Yinhua Liu et al. (2018) | 2018 | Wistar rats, 280–320 g, M | MCAO (ZL), NR, NR | 1. PNFS-H (n = 12,72%, ip) 2. PNFS-L (n = 12,72%, ip) 3. Nimodipine (subgroup n = 8, ig) |
PNFS 200 mg/kg*72%=144 mg/kg PNFS 100 mg/kg*72%=72 mg/kg Nimodipine 1.44 mg/(100 g·d) |
14 days before occlusion | 1. NDS (ZL,24 h) 2. The cerebral histopathology was detected by HE staining 3. The levels of NSE in serum, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β 4. The level of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 in brain homogenate by ELISA |
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| Meng Lanqing Meng et al. (2014) | 2014 | SPF Wistar rats, 220–260 g, NR | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, 10% Chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg, ip) | PNS (subgroup n = 10, ip) include two subgroups: be sacrificed 24 h/7 days after reperfusion | PNS 30 mg/kg | At the beginning of reperfusion until the corresponding time point | 1. NDS (ZL, 24 h/7 days) 2. The expressions of Laminin, GFAP, and NeuN (24 h/7 days) |
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| Sun Xiaoqing Sun et al. (2010) | 2010 | Wistar rats, 270–300 g, F/M | MCAO (ZL), 1 h, NR | 1. PNS-L (n = 8, iv) 2. PNS-M (n = 8, iv) 3. PNS-H (n = 8, iv) 4. Nimodipine (subgroup n = 8, iv) |
PNS 30 mg/kg PNS 60 mg/kg PNS 120 mg/kg Nimodipine 0.4 mg/kg |
One half was used for ischemia and one half for reperfusion | 1. NDS (ZL, 24 h) 2. CIV (4% TTC, 24 h) (compensation for cerebral swelling in the ischemic hemisphere was considered) |
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| Tang Jingshu Tang and Pei (2011) | 2011 | SD rats, 260–300 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, 10% Chloral hydrate (3.5 ml/kg, ip) | PNS (n = 28, ip) | PNS 100 mg/kg | 15 min before and 6 h after surgery | 1. NDS (ZL, 22 h) 2. CIV (2% TTC, 22 h) 3. BBB 4. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 in brain tissue |
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| Wang Jiehua Wang (2014) | 2014 | SD rats, 250–280 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, NR | PNS (n = 10, ip) | PNS 100 mg/kg | 30 min before and 6 h after surgery | 1. NDS (ZL, 24 h) 2. TGF-β1 in the ischemic region by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR |
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| Wang Ping Wang et al. (2018b) | 2018 | SD rats, 240–280 g, M | MCAO (ZL), NR, NR | 1. Edaravone (n = 7, ip) 2. PNS-R (n = 11, ip) 3. PNS-before R (n = 7, ip) |
Edaravone 5 mg/kg PNS 10 mg/kg PNS 10 mg/kg |
At the beginning of reperfusion At the beginning of reperfusion 10 min before reperfusion |
1. NDS (ZL, 24 h) 2. CIV (TTC, 24 h) |
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| Zhang Yongquan Zhang et al. (2008) | 2008 | SPF SD rats,260–300 g, M | MCAO (ZL), 2 h, NR | 1. PNS-L (subgroup n = 18, ip) 2. PNS-H (subgroup n = 18, ip) 3. Ligustrazine (subgroup n = 18, ig) |
PNS 25 mg/kg PNS 50 mg/kg Ligustrazine 80 mg/kg |
30 min before and 6 h after surgery | 1. NDS (ZL, 24 h) 2. CIV (TTC, 24 h) 3. BDNF, neuron apoptosis |
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AST IV, astragalosides IV; Bax, Bcl⁃2 associated x protein; BBB, blood-brain barrier; Bcl-2, B⁃cell lymphoma⁃2; BDNF, brain-derived neurotropic factor; Caspase-3, cysteine aspartate protease; CIV, cerebral infarct volume; F, female; GAP-43, growth associated protein-43; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; H, high dosage; ip, intraperitoneal injection; ig, intragastric administration; IL-1β, interleukin-lβ; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-10, interleukin⁃10; iv, intravenous administration; L, low dosage; LN, laminin; M, male; M, medium dosage; MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; NDS, neurologic deficit scores; NeuN, neuronal nuclei; NR, no report; NSE, neuron specific enolase; NVU, neurovascular unit; PNS, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen saponins; PNFS, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen flower saponins; PNLS, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen leaf saponins; PSD, postsynaptic density; SS combination, saponins of Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen leaves and Crataegus Pinnatifida Bge. leaves; Syp, synaptophysin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TTC, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor.