TABLE 3.
Invitro antioxidant activity of Salix species.
| Plant part | Extract/compound | Method | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stem and leaves | Four sulfated flavonoids (taxifolin-7-sulfate, dihydrokaempferol-7-sulfate, eridictyol-7-sulfate andnaringenin-7-sulfate) isolated from hybrid species of Salix×alberti L | DPPH | 7-Sulfation of taxifolin and eriodictyol attenuated but does not remove antioxidant activity | Noleto-Dias et al. (2020) |
| Leaves | Methanol extracts of S. purpurea L., S. cinerea L., Salix×smithiana willd., S. alba L., S. eriocephala michx., Salix×rubra huds | DPPH | The scavenging effect ranged between 33.6 (S. purpurea L.) and 45.7% (S. cinerea L.), 50.7 (S. purpurea L.) to 56.3% (Salix×rubra huds.) | Gąsecka et al. (2017) |
| Leaves | Ethyl acetate extract of S.tetrasperma roxb | DPPH assay | IC50 = 65.89 μg/ml | Januarti et al. (2019) |
| Leaves | Methanol extract of S. mucronata andersson | DPPH, ABTS and TAC assays | DPPH (EC50 = 98.76 ± 0.46 (µg/ml), ABTS = 45.83 ± 0.32 mm, trolox eq./100 gm extract and TAC = 199.18 ± 2.19 mg equivalent of ascorbic acid/g extract). EtOAc fraction derived from MeOH (85%) extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant potential; DPPH EC50 = 50.19 ± 0.24 (µg/ml), ABTS = 76.22 ± 1.61 (mm trolox eq./100 gm extract) and TAC = 249.86 ± 3.74 (mg equivalent of ascorbic acid/g extract) | El-Sayed et al. (2015) |
| Male inflorescence | Methanol extract of S. egyptiaca L | DPPH and the folin–Ciocalteu method | Butanol fraction showed the highest antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 27.7 µg/ml | Sonboli et al. (2010) |
| Flowers | Ethanol extract of S. caprea L | DPPH, superoxide hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging assay | At a concentration of 250 μg/ml, 85.04% of DPPH radicals and at µg/mL 45.97%, 17.97% and 56.53% of O2·−, H2O2 and NO, respectively, were scavenged by the S. caprea L. flower extract | Alam et al. (2006) |
| Leaves, bark, catkins | Cyclohexane, butanol, ethanol and water extract of S. egyptica L | DPPH assay | Ethanol extract of the bark (highest activities, IC50 = 19 μg/ml) | Enayat and Banerjee (2009) |
| Bark | Hot ethanol extract of S. alba L | DPPH and folin-ciocalteu method | Free radical scavenging activity values ranged between 12.50, 37.50 and 80.00% of 10, 50 and 100 μg/ml, respectively | Sulaiman et al. (2013) |
| Bark | S. alba L., S. daphnoides Vill., S. purpurea L., and S. daphnoides Vill. x purpurea L. hybrid willow clones | ABTS | S. daphnoides Vill. x purpurea L. extracts were the most active ones. | Gawlik-Dziki et al. (2014) |
| Leaves and young stems | Hydroethanolic extract of S. alba L. | DPPH | IC50 =19.1 µg/ml. | Zabihi et al. (2018) |
| Leaves and male inflorescence catkin | S. matsudana Koidz. S. aegyptiaca L. S. babylonica L. S. excelsa S. G. Gmel. S. acmophylla Boiss. | DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity | DPPH results ranged from 40.08% (S. excelsa) to 91.94% (S. aegyptiaca L.) and S. excelsa S. G. Gmel. displayed the potent superoxide (99.00%) and nitric oxide (71.73%) scavenging potential. Similar activities were found for hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging (50%) for S. matsudana Koidz., S. acmophylla Boiss. and S. babylonica L.. Male inflorescence catkin extracts, S. excelsa S. G. Gmel (70.63%), S. acmophylla Boiss. (60.25%) and S. matsudana Koidz. (62.37%) presented the most activities in DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The S. excelsa S. G. Gmel, S. aegyptiaca L. and S. babylonica L. showed 99% superoxide radical inhibition. | Tavakoli et al. (2016) |
| Bark | Gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, vanillin and acetylsalicylic acid obtained from S. aegyptiaca L. | DPPH | gallic acid > quercetin >rutin> vanillin > acetylsalicylic acid. | Nauman et al. (2018) |
| Bark | Ethanol extract of S. aegyptiaca L. | DPPH | Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity (11 ± 1 μg/ml). | Ceyhan (2014) |
| Bark | S. alba L. | DPPH | All granulometric classes revealed a high antioxidant activity. The best results were obtained for the 50–100 μm granulometric class. | Zaiter et al. (2016) |
| Flowers | Methanol extract of S.tetrasperma Roxb | TAC | 30.97 ± 2.6, 26.8 ± 2.1 U/L for the extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. | Sobeh et al. (2019) |
| Bark | S. atrocinerea Brot., S. fragilis L., and S. viminalis L. bark polar extracts | DPPH and ABTS. | Strong free radical scavenging activity (5.58–23.62 µg mL−1 IC50 range. | Ramos et al. (2019) |
| Leaves and bark | n- Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n- butanol extracts of S. subserrata Willd. | DPPH and FRAP assays. | IC50 µg/mL = 9.30 - 206.67 for DPPH assay and 2.90-26.89 mM FeSO4/mg extract for FRAP assay. | Tawfeek et al. (2019) |
| bark and leaves | S. alba L., S. amplexicaulis Bory & Chaub., S. babylonica L. , S. eleagnos Scop., S. fragilis L., S. purpurea L. and S. triandra. L. | DPPH and OH radical scavenging assay. | IC50 of DPPH ranged from 1.83–7.79 µg/mL in bark and 1.95–8.07 µg/mL in leaves extracts of different species of the genus Salix | Gligorić et al. (2019) |