Table 2.

Intervention cost components, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness results.

Author	Intervention Cost(s)	Intermediate Intervention Effects(s)	Outcome(s) of Interest	Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (A$2020)
Supermarkets
Ball et al. 2016 [25]	Intervention materials Staff time including overheads Participant time Purchase of intervention food products Participant travel expenses	NA	(1)F&V purchases (2)F&V self-reported intake	No effect on fruit intake $3.39 (95%CI: NR) per increased serve of vegetables consumed per participant per day
Le et al. 2016 [26]	I2 and I3: Staff time including overhead Participant time Purchase of intervention food products Participant travel expenses Intervention materials	NA	(1)F&V purchases (2)F&V self-reported intake (3)Low-calorie carbonated diet beverages, and water purchases (4)Low-calorie carbonated diet beverages, and water self-reported intake	I1: No difference in all primary outcomes compared to comparator I2: $2.52 (95%CI: NR) per increased serve of vegetables purchased per week $3.29 (95%CI: NR) per increased serve of fruit purchased per week No difference in beverage purchases and intake. No difference in vegetable intake. I3: $12.70 (95%CI: NR) per increased serve of fruit purchased per week. No difference in vegetable and beverage purchases No difference in fruit, vegetable, and beverage intake
Cobiac et al. 2010 [32]	I1: Intervention materials Monetary incentives	Modelled F&V intake	Modelled DALYs averted	I1: $3,863,748 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted The intervention resulted in 0.030 (95%CI: −0.34; 0.40) increase in serves of F&V per day (not statistically significant)
Remote community stores
Magnus et al. 2016 [28]	I1–6: Price discount Staff time Intervention materials I7–12: Price discount Staff time Intervention materials Participant time Participant travel expenses	Modelled sodium intake, total energy intake and BMI	Modelled DALYs averted	I1: $30,110 (95%CI: $18,958; $44,607) per DALY averted I2: $37,916 (95%CI: $22,304; $56,874) per DALY averted I3: $76,947 (95%CI: $55,759; $101,481) per DALY averted I4: $49,067 (95%CI: $36,801; $64,680) per DALY averted I5: $23,418 (95%CI: dominated *; $535,285) per DALY averted I6: $40,146 (95%CI: dominated *; $356,857 per DALY averted I7: $53,529 (95%CI: $40,146; $70,256) per DALY averted I8: $68,026 (95%CI: $50,183; $88,099) per DALY averted I9: $105,942 (95%CI: $82,523; $133,821) per DALY averted I10: $56,874 (95%CI: $44,607; $72,487) per DALY averted I11: $37,916 (95%CI: dominated *; $791,776) per DALY averted I12: $42,377 (95%CI: dominated *; $390,312) per DALY averted
Magnus et al. 2018 [27]	I1: Price discount Staff time Staff travel expenses Intervention materials I2: Price discount Staff time Staff travel expenses Intervention materials Participant time	(1)Store sales of F&V, water and artificially sweetened soft drinks (2)Total weight, energy and sodium of food purchases (3)Modelled BMI	Modelled DALYs averted	I1 and 2: Increased purchase of F&V and other non-discounted foods resulting in modelled increase in BMI of 2.38 (95%CI: 0.81; 4.62) (I1) or 2.37 (95%CI: 0.78; 4.75) (I2). During the discount period, the negative impact on DALYs averted was from −21 (95%CI: −28; −15) to −36 (95%CI: −47; −25). At follow−up, the negative impact on DALY averted was from −48 (95%CI: −60; −36) to −45 (95%CI: −58; −34). Incremental intervention costs: I1: $239,672 (95%CI: NR) I2: $433,368 (95%CI: NR) Interventions were not cost-effective
Restaurants and fast food stores
Gortmaker et al. 2015 [31]	I1: Staff time Nutrition database accessing fee Compliance monitoring	Modelled calorie intake	Modelled BMI	I1: $20.55 (95%CI: −$192.52; $242.47) per BMI unit reduced
Allen et al. 2015 [30]	Legislation Compliance monitoring Product reformulation Industry loss profitability	Modelled trans fatty acid intake	Modelled deaths from coronary heart disease prevented or postponed	I1: 1800 (95%CI: 700; 3400) deaths from coronary heart disease averted or 0.7% reduction. Total annual costs: $185.44M (95%CI: NR) Net costs saving (excluding reformulation cost): $109.87M (95%CI: $215.57M; $6.03M) Net costs saving (including reformulation cost): $0.00M (95%CI: $105.47M; −$103.85M) I2: 2600 (95%CI: 1200; 4600) deaths from coronary heart disease averted or 1.0% reduction Total annual costs: $220.67M (95%CI: NR) Net costs saving (excluding reformulation cost): $174.08M (95%CI: $316.41M; $34.31M) Net costs saving (including reformulation cost): $28.98M (95%CI: $171.30M; −$110.80M)
			Modelled QALYs gained	I1: Dominant # QALY gained: 2100 (95%CI: 700; 3900) Healthcare cost savings: $26.19M (95%CI: $11.59M; $41.26M) Averted productivity loss: $36.62M (95%CI: $15.99M; $57.49M) Informal care savings: $122.62M (95%CI: $54.01M; $192.39M) I2: Dominant # QALY gained: 3000 (95%CI: 1100; 5200) Healthcare cost savings: $35.23M (95%CI: $15.53M; $55.17M) Averted productivity loss: $50.53M (95%CI: $22.25M; $79.28M) Informal care savings: $164.11M (95%CI: $72.09M; $257.53M)
School cafeterias
Gortmaker et al. 2015 [31]	I2: State and local government: Reimbursements for meals Kitchen equipment for schools Compliance monitoring School costs: Meal Staff time I3: School costs: Staff time to keep records of compliance Training	Modelled calorie intake	Modelled BMI	I2: $83.22 (95%CI: −$209.49; $292.06) per BMI unit reduced I3: $9.58 (95%CI: $3.67; $12.22) per BMI unit reduced
Ladapo et al. 2016 [29]	Peer leader activities School-wide multimedia marketing School food environment changes	(1)Portions of F&V served (2)Number of snacks sold	(1)Portions of F&V served (2)Number of snacks sold	(1) No intervention effect on portions of vegetables served $1.88 (95%CI: NR) per additional portion of fruit served during meals (2) $2.65 (95%CI: NR) per reduced unit of snacks sold
Worksite cafeterias and vending machines
Cobiac et al. 2010 [32]	I2: Workshop Nutrition displays Cafeteria promotion Advisory board Time I3–5: Workshop Nutrition displays Cafeteria promotion Advisory board Time Non-tailored documents I6: Workshop Nutrition displays Cafeteria promotion Advisory board Time Family involvement I7: Nutrition displays Cafeteria promotion Non-tailored documents	Modelled F&V intake	DALYs averted	I2: $11,436,695 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted I3: $1,220,945 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted I4: $494,560 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted I5: $1,854,599 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted I6: $664,565 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted I7: $72,639 (95%CI: NR) per DALY averted (50% probability of being cost-effective)

Notes: ^# intervention resulted in more health benefits and less cost compared to the comparator; * intervention resulted in less health benefits and more cost compared to the comparator; A$: Australian dollar; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; F&V: fruit and vegetable; GBP: British pound sterling; I: intervention; NR: not reported; QALYs: quality-adjusted life years.