Table 1.
Characteristics of the respondents in the community of Selangor (N = 1380).
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 1380) | Male (N = 513) | Female (N = 867) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)/Mean (SD) | |||
| Age group (years) | |||
| 19 and below | 76 (5.5) | 41 (8.0) | 35 (4.0) |
| 20–29 | 509 (36.9) | 188 (36.6) | 321 (37.0) |
| 30–39 | 351 (25.4) | 124 (24.2) | 227 (26.2) |
| 40–49 | 221 (16.0) | 72 (14.0) | 149 (17.2) |
| 50–59 | 128 (9.3) | 42 (8.2) | 86 (9.9) |
| 60 and above | 95 (6.9) | 46 (9.0) | 49 (5.7) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay | 954 (69.1) | 360 (70.2) | 594 (68.5) |
| Chinese | 112 (8.1) | 52 (10.1) | 60 (6.9) |
| Indian | 281 (20.4) | 87 (17.0) | 194 (22.4) |
| Others | 33 (2.4) | 14 (2.7) | 19 (2.2) |
| Residence | |||
| Urban | 1285 (93.1) | 474 (92.4) | 811 (93.5) |
| Rural | 95 (6.9) | 39 (7.6) | 56 (6.5) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 472 (34.2) | 221 (43.1) | 251 (29.0) |
| Married | 851 (61.7) | 276 (53.8) | 575 (66.3) |
| Widowed | 49 (3.6) | 14 (2.7) | 35 (4.0) |
| Divorced | 6 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 4 (0.5) |
| Separated | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) |
| Education level | |||
| Primary | 115 (8.4) | 27 (23.5) | 88 (76.5) |
| Secondary | 681 (49.9) | 258 (37.9) | 423 (62.1) |
| Tertiary | 568 (41.6) | 224 (39.4) | 344 (60.6) |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 702 (51.6) | 350 (69.0) | 352 (41.2) |
| Unemployed | 599 (44.0) | 120 (23.7) | 479 (56.1) |
| Retired | 60 (4.4) | 37 (7.3) | 23 (2.7) |
| History of Medical Problems | |||
| Yes | 325 (23.6) | 118 (23.0) | 207 (23.9) |
| No | 1055 (76.4) | 395 (77.0) | 660 (76.1) |
| History of Mental Health Problems | |||
| Yes | 22 (1.6) | 11 (2.1) | 11 (1.3) |
| No | 1358 (98.4) | 502 (97.9) | 856 (98.7) |
| History of Mental Health Problems in the Family | |||
| Yes | 35 (2.5) | 10 (1.9) | 25 (2.9) |
| No | 1284 (93.0) | 478 (93.2) | 806 (93.0) |
| Not sure | 61 (4.4) | 25 (4.9) | 36 (4.2) |
| Disability | |||
| Yes | 9 (0.7) | 5 (1.0) | 4 (0.5) |
| No | 1371 (99.3) | 508 (99.0) | 863 (99.5) |
| Perceived stress (PSS) (0–40) ± SD | 15.08 (4.77) | 15.07 (4.70) | 15.09 (4.81) |
| Self-esteem (RSES) (0–40) ± SD | 19.65 (3.68) | 19.77 (3.66) | 19.58 (3.69) |
| Depression (PHQ-9) ± SD | 3.53 (3.58) | 3.56 (3.85) | 3.52 (3.41) |
| Present (PHQ-9≥10) | 98 (7.1) | 46 (9.0) | 52 (6.0) |
| Absent (PHQ-9<10) | 1282 (92.9) | 467 (91.0) | 815 (94.0) |
| Anxiety (GAD-7) ± SD | 1.94 (2.67) | 1.80 (2.66) | 2.03 (2.68) |
| Present (GAD-7 ≥ 8) | 69 (5.0) | 25 (4.9) | 44 (5.1) |
| Absent (GAD-7 < 8) | 1311 (95.0) | 488 (95.1) | 823 (94.9) |
| Suicidal Ideation | |||
| Yes | 97 (7.0) | 49 (9.6) | 48 (5.5) |
| No | 1283 (93.0) | 464 (90.4) | 819 (94.5) |
| Stressful Life Event ± SD | 3.56 (1.74) | 3.59 (1.84) | 3.54 (1.67) |
| No | 37 (2.7) | 9 (1.8) | 28 (3.2) |
| Low (1 stressful life event) | 152 (11.0) | 68 (13.3) | 84 (9.7) |
| Moderate (2 stressful life events) | 182 (13.2) | 78 (15.2) | 104 (12.0) |
| High (≥3 stressful life events) | 1009 (73.1) | 358 (69.8) | 651 (75.1) |
| Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF-26) ± SD | |||
| Physical Health (4–20) | 14.79 (2.16) | 14.84 (2.12) | 14.76 (2.18) |
| Psychological Health (4–20) | 14.56 (2.09) | 14.49 (2.20) | 14.60 (2.03) |
| Social Relationships (4–20) | 15.28 (2.42) | 15.38 (2.50) | 15.22 (2.38) |
| Environment (4–20) | 14.66 (1.97) | 14.59 (2.04) | 14.70 (1.93) |
| Weight (kg) Mean ± SD | 65.77 (15.42) | 70.85 (14.81) | 62.77 (15.00) |
| Height (cm) Mean ± SD | 161.25 (9.39) | 167.60 (8.97) | 157.49 (7.40) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) Mean ± SD |
25.34 (5.79) | 25.26 (5.14) | 25.38 (6.15) |
Maximum Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score = 40. Higher scores indicate higher perceived stress. Maximum Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale (RSES) score = 40. Higher scores indicate higher self-esteem. Maximum physical health domain score = 20. Higher scores indicate higher quality of life in physical health domain. Maximum psychological domain score = 20. Higher scores indicate higher quality of life in psychological domain. Maximum social relationships domain score = 20. Higher scores indicate higher quality of life in social relationships domain. Maximum environment domain score = 20. Higher scores indicate higher quality of life in the environment domain.