. 2021 Jan 28;18(3):1143. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031143

Table 1.

Homogeneity of subjects’ general characteristics and dependent variables between the experimental and placebo groups before treatment (n = 62).

Characteristics		Placebo (n = 28)	Experimental (n = 34)	χ² or Z or t	p
Characteristics		n (%) or M ± SD	n (%) or M ± SD	χ² or Z or t	p
Age (year)		23.75 ± 3.42	23.44 ± 2.88	0.37	0.710
	20–25	23 (82.1)	29 (85.3)	0.73 ^†	0.872
	26–30	4 (14.3)	3 (8.8)
	31 and above	1 (3.6)	2 (5.9)
Gender	Female	13 (46.4)	10 (29.4)	1.90	0.195
Gender	Male	15 (53.6)	24 (70.6)	1.90	0.195
Drinking	Yes	20 (71.4)	24 (70.6)	0.01	0.942
Drinking	No	8 (28.6)	10 (29.4)	0.01	0.942
Smoking	Yes	4 (14.3)	3 (8.8)	0.45 ^†	0.691
Smoking	No	24 (85.7)	31 (91.2)	0.45 ^†	0.691
Brushing/day	One time	2 (7.1)	2(5.8)	2.19 ^†	0.784
	Two	9 (32.1)	13 (38.2)
	Three	11 (39.3)	10 (29.4)
	Four or more	6 (21.5)	9 (26.6)
Oral examination	Yes	11 (39.3)	14 (41.2)	0.16	0.880
Oral examination	No	17 (60.7)	20 (58.8)	0.16	0.880
Subjective halitosis	Yes	15 (53.6)	20 (58.8)	0.17	0.678
Subjective halitosis	No	13 (46.4)	14 (41.2)	0.17	0.678
Subjective oral health status		22.57 ± 5.47	23.38 ± 6.98	−0.50	0.618
Depression		14.07 ± 8.81	14.20 ± 9.83	−0.19 ^‡	0.848
Self-esteem		34.10 ± 6.47	33.00 ± 4.67	0.78	0.438
Oral health-related quality of life		63.39 ± 5.87	61.00 ± 6.51	−0.79 ^‡	0.427

^† Fisher’s exact test; ^‡ Mann-Whitney test; values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%); tested by χ²-test or Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test, or independent t-test.