Table 2.
Comparisons of dependent variables between the experimental and placebo groups after treatment (n = 62).
| Variables | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Difference (Post-Pre) |
χ2 or Z or t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n (%) or M ± SD |
n (%) or M ± SD |
M ± SD | |||||
| Subjective halitosis | Placebo (n = 28) | Yes | 15 (53.6) | 14 (50.0) | 4.70 † | 0.030 | |
| No | 13 (46.4) | 14 (50.0) | |||||
| Experimental (n = 34) | Yes | 20 (58.8) | 8 (23.5) | ||||
| No | 14 (41.2) | 26 (76.5) | |||||
| Subjective oral health status | Placebo (n = 28) | 22.57 ± 5.47 | 20.60 ± 7.46 | −1.96 ± 5.50 | −0.11 | 0.911 | |
| Experimental (n = 34) | 23.38 ± 6.98 | 21.55 ± 5.56 | −1.82 ± 4.31 | ||||
| Depression | Placebo (n = 28) | 14.07 ± 8.81 | 15.00 ± 8.95 | 0.92 ± 7.51 | −0.51 ‡ | 0.605 | |
| Experimental (n = 34) | 14.20 ± 9.83 | 16.47 ± 11.07 | 2.26 ± 8.25 | ||||
| Self-esteem | Placebo (n = 28) | 34.10 ± 6.47 | 33.75 ± 5.81 | −0.35 ± 4.66 | 0.40 | 0.688 | |
| Experimental (n = 34) | 33.00 ± 4.67 | 32.20 ± 6.13 | −0.79 ± 3.88 | ||||
| Oral health- related QOL | Placebo (n = 28) | 63.39 ± 5.87 | 60.82 ± 9.40 | −2.57 ± 7.99 | −2.09 ‡ | 0.036 | |
| Experimental (n = 34) | 61.00 ± 6.51 | 62.47 ± 6.36 | 0.47 ± 5.01 | ||||
QOL: quality of life; † χ2-test; ‡ Mann-Whitney test; values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%); tested by χ2-test, Mann–Whitney test, or independent t-test.