. 2021 Jan 30;18(3):1240. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031240

Table 1.

Description of included studies targeting children and adolescents and summary of main findings.

Study Details	Participant Characteristics	Measurement Tools and Days of Data Collection	Physical Activity Cut-Points	Description of Locations	Minutes of Physical Activity in Identified Locations	Behavior Setting
Alberico et al., 2017, Brazil [42]	n = 80, n_male = 46, n_female = 34 Age = 12 to 17 years; M = 14.5 (SD = 5.5) years	QStarz BT-1000X and BT-1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+, 7 days	ST ≤ 100 cpm, MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Home (10 m buffer), School (geocoded school’s parcels)	Median minutes (IQR) daily MVPA and ST on weekdays and weekend days Home_Weekday (n = 79): MVPA = 5.0 (2.3–8.2); ST = 167.5 (79.8–238.0) School_Weekday (n = 79): MVPA = 2.0 (0.6–4.9); ST = 63.5 (19.5–132.3) Home_{Weekend day} (n = 77): MVPA = 6.6 (1.0–10.0); ST = 181.6 (48.3–286.2)	(3;5)
Almanza et al., 2012, USA [43]	n = 208, n_male = 100 n_female = 108, n_SmartGrowth = 65 (n_male = 30; n_female = 35), n_CG = 143 (n_male = 70; n_female = 73) Age = 8 to 14 years	GlobalSat BT-335 GPS, ActiGraph GT2M, 7 days	MVPA ≥ 4 MET (Freedson equation: MET = 2.757 + (0.00 15 x cpm)−(0.08957 x age (year))−(0.000038 x cpm x age (year))	Neighborhood (within 500 m of the home, excluding home buffer (30 m buffer around home))	Median daily minutes of MVPA (range) Smart Growth Community Neighborhood (n = 65) = 7.50 (0–36.50) Conventional Community Neighborhood (n = 143) = 4.25 (0–47.67) Boys engaged in 1.58 times the daily rate of neighborhood-MVPA of girls, p-value < 0.01.	(1)
Bürgi et al., 2015, Switzerland [44]	n = 119, n_male = 51, n_female = 68 Age = 6th grade; M = 12.5 (SD = 0.4) years	QStarz BT-Q1000XT GPS, Actigraph GT3X, 7 days	MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Home (30 m buffer), Own school (main school where student goes to school, 10 m buffer), Other school (school grounds of all public schools in Winterthur, except own school, 10 m buffer), Recreational facility (public parks and sport facilities in Winterthur, 10 m buffer), Street (streets, sidewalks, cycle or pedestrian paths in Winterthur, 10 m buffer)	Weekly median minutes of MVPA (IQR) Home: Total = 34.0 (18.5–59.0); Boys = 41.5 (20.2–60.2); Girls = 30.8 (17.3–55.3) Own school: Total = 74.7 (51.2–108.3); Boys = 80.3 (58.2–136.7); Girls = 71.9 (40.1–91.8) Other school: Total = 3.7 (0.3–29.0); Boys = 14.5 (0.2–45.8); Girls = 3.3 (0.8–24.3)* Recreational facility: Total = 4.7 (0.3–19.8); Boys = 9.2 (1.2–24.7); Girls = 2.7 (0.3–13.3) Street: Total = 94.3 (57.0–143.7); Boys = 91.0 (54.8–145.0); Girls = 99.0 (65.2–139.5) Significant difference between boys and girls at *p < 0.05	(1;2;3;5)
Bürgi et al., 2016, Switzerland [45]	n = 83, n_male = 43, n_female = 40 n_{low SES} = 38, n_{high SES} = 45 Age = 2nd grade classes; M = 8.5 (SD = 0.3) years	QStarz BT-Q1000XT GPS, Actigraph GT3X, 7 days	ST < 101 cpm MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Home (30 m buffer), Own school (school grounds of main school where student goes to school, 10 m buffer), Other school (school grounds of all public schools in Zurich, except own school, 1 m buffer), Park (public parks and playgrounds in Zurich, 10 m buffer), Sport (sport facilities in Zurich, 10 m buffer), Street (streets, sidewalks, cycle or pedestrian paths in Zurich, 10 m buffer)	Median weekly minutes (IQR) of MVPA Home: Total = 57.3 (32.2–91.8); low SES = 66.3 (38.7–105.3); high SES = 47.2 (31.5–76.7) Own school: Total = 121.5 (86.2–184.3); low SES = 125.2 (90.7–189.2); high SES = 118.3 (85.3–163.2) Other school: Total = 13.0 (3.3–28.2); low SES = 10.8 (4.8–22.0); high SES = 16.2 (3.2–33.2) Park: Total = 9.3 (1.5–29.5); low SES = 3.3 (0.5 -12.8); high SES = 18.2 (5.3–48.7) Sport: Total = 4.3 (0.3–21.3); low SES = 1.1 (0.3–22.5); high SES = 6.7 (0.3–20.3) Street: Total = 90.5 (56.0–127.0); low SES = 69.3 (42.7–111.2); high SES = 102.8 (72.0–135.7) Median weekly minutes (IQR) of ST Home: Total = 529.7 (255.0–798.5); low SES = 538.3 (333.0–683.3); high SES = 470.3 (226.8–846.5) Own school: Total = 597.7 (509.0–731.7); low SES = 584.1 (477.2–724.7); high SES = 600.2 (533.3–749.2) Other school: Total = 46.7 (4.7–87.3); low SES = 45.8 (25.2–82.3); high SES = 46.7 (2.0–89.2) Park: Total = 15.7 (1.7–57.8); low SES = 6.0 (0.0–24.3); high SES = 47.7 (8.7- 76.8) Sport: Total = 8.5 (0.0 – 52.0); low SES = 7.1 (0.0–46.2); high SES = 10.2 (0.0–70.0) Street: Total = 234.5 (173.3–378.2); low SES = 193.9 (123.2–313.5); high SES = 304.3 (207.5–397.0)	(1;2;3;5)
Carlson et al., 2016, USA [46]	n = 549, 49.9% female Age = 12 to 16 years; M = 14.1 (SD = 1.4) years	GlobalSat DG-100 GPS, ActiGraph (Models 7164, 71,256, GT1M, GT3X), 7 days	MVPA ≥ 1148 counts per 30-s epoch	Home (50 m buffer), Near home (1 km street network buffer around home point, excluding at home circular buffer), At school (15 m buffer around school parcel), Near school (1 km street network buffer around school point, excluding at school parcel buffer)	Mean daily minutes of MVPA (SD) At home: Weighted week = 7.4 (7.4); Non-school days = 12.0 (14.1); School days = 5.5 (6.6) Near Home: Weighted week = 5.9 (9.0); Non-school days = 6.8 (11.6); School days = 5.4 (9.2) At school: Weighted week = 16.7 (10.9); Non-school days = 0.6 (11.6); School days = 23.2 (15.0) Near School: Weighted week = 2.2 (3.8); Non-school days = 1.7 (4.9); School days = 2.4 (4.3) Note: Weighted week = ([mean daily minutes across school daysx 5]+[mean daily minutes across non-school days x 2]÷7) Girls engaged in less MVPA than boys: −3.7 min/day at home (p < 0.001); −2.6 min/day near home (p = 0.001); −5.5 min/day at school (p < 0.001).	(1;3;5)
Collins et al., 2012, UK [47]	n = 44, n_male = 19, n_female = 25 Age = 13 to 14 years	Garmin Forerunner 305 GPS, Heart rate monitor connected to Garmin watch, 7 days (out-of-school hours)	MVPA = 140–159 bpm VPA > 160 bpm	Public recreational facilities (parks, public playgrounds, leisure centers, school playing fields and country parks, shops, restaurants, cinemas, theatre, garden, woodland and extra-curricular education classes), House, Street	Mean daily weekday minutes of MVPA (SD) Suburban youth Public recreational facilities: Male = 56.40 (72.83); Female = 30.22 (56.31) House: Male = 8.28 (10.57); Female = 18.27 (23.35) Street: Male = 15.48 (11.29); Female = 16.93 (18.44) Rural youth Public recreational facilities: Male = 18.88 (61.65); Female = 11.22 (31.89) House: Male = 8.35 (14.14); Female = 9.78 (51.91) Street: Male = 12.77 (37.77); Female = 6.13 (8.83) Mean daily weekday minutes of VPA (SD) Suburban youth Public recreational facilities: Male = 11.51 (24.08); Female = 4.86 (12.41) House: Male = 0.07 (0.19); Female = 0.74 (4.25) Street: Male = 0.63 (1.26); Female = 0.68 (1.48) Rural youth Public recreational facilities: Male = 1.03 (2.6); Female = 1.35 (4.94) House: Male = 0.32 (0.81); Female = 0.39 (1.11) Street: Male = 0.99 (4.99); Female = 0.14 (0.32)	(1;2;3)
Coombes et al., 2017, UK [48]	n = 967, n_male = 413; n_female = 554 Age = 13 to 15 years; M = 13.5 years	Qstarz BT1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X+, 7 days	ST ≤ 100 cpm LPA = 101–2295 cpm MPA = 2296–4011 cpm VPA ≥ 4012 cpm	Home neighborhoods (area within a 10-min walk (equivalent to 800 m) around the home address of each participant)	Mean [95% CI] daily minutes of PA on weekday evenings in home neighborhoods ST: More PA supportive (n = 484) = 122.2 [116.6 - 127.7]; Less PA supportive (n = 483) = 143.3 [137.9–148.8] LPA: More PA supportive = 39.1 [37.3–41.0]; Less PA supportive = 45.0 [43.1–46.9] MPA: More PA supportive = 8.5 [7.9–9.1]; Less PA supportive = 8.0 [7.4–8.5] VPA: More PA supportive = 5.0 [4.5–5.6]; Less PA supportive = 5.2 [4.7–5.8] Mean daily minutes of PA [95% CI] on weekends in home neighborhoods ST: More PA supportive (n = 445) = 290.0 [276.3–303.7]; Less PA supportive (n = 438) = 334.2 [321.6–346.9] LPA: More PA supportive = 96.4 [91.4–101.3]; Less PA supportive = 118.6 [113.5–123.8] MPA: More PA supportive = 18.6 [17.0–20.1]; Less PA supportive = 20.5 [18.9–22.0] VPA: More PA supportive = 10.3 [8.9–11.7]; Less PA supportive = 11.9 [10.4 -13.4]	(1)
Dessing et al., 2013, Netherlands [49]	n = 76, n_male = 32; n_female = 44 Age = 6 to 11 years; M = 8.6 (SD = 1.4) years	QStarz BT-Q1000X GPS, ActiGraph GT1M, 7 days	MVPA > 574 counts per 15 s epoch	Schoolyard (10 m buffer), Inside school (inside the school building)	Mean daily minutes of MVPA (SD) Schoolyard: Boys = 8.8 (5.1), Girls = 7.0 (5.1) Inside School: Boys = 4.9 (5.2), Girls = 7.1 (8.2)	(5)
Evenson et al., 2018, USA [50]	n = 265 girls, n_{park visits} = 73 Age = High school students (baseline 10th-11th grade)	Garmin Foretrex 201 GPS, ActiGraph model AM7164, 6 days	ST < 100 cpm LPA = 100–2999 cpm MVPA ≥ 3000 cpm MPA and VPA unclear	Parks (points within national, state and local parks and forests, excluding points within 50 m of participants residence)	Baseline mean, median (25th and 75th percentile) minutes of PA during park visits (n = 73) ST: mean = 22.3; median = 9.0 (25th percentile = 1.0, 75th percentile = 26.0) LPA: mean = 29.2; median = 12.0 (25th percentile =3.0, 75th percentile = 44.0) MPA: mean = 4.5; median = 1.0 (25th percentile = 0.0, 75th percentile = 3.0) VPA: mean = 0.9; median = 0.0 (25th percentile = 0.0, 75th percentile = 0.0) MVPA: mean = 5.4; median = 1.0 (25th percentile = 0.0, 75th percentile = 6.0)	(2)
Jones et al., 2009, UK [51]	n = 100; n_male = 47, n_female = 53 n_Urban = 68, n_Rural = 32 Age = 9 to 10 years	Garmin Forerunner 205 GPS, ActiGraph GT1M, 4 days	MPA = 2000–3999 cpm VPA ≥ 4000 cpm MVPA bouts ≥ 2000 cpm for 5 min	Neighborhood (area within 800 m along pedestrian network: roads plus designated public footpaths), buildings (included domestic residences, shops, indoor sports facilities, any other covered structures), areas of other built land (features such as car parks and yards, hard surface play areas, pedestrianized thoroughfares), roads and pavements, private gardens, parks, farmland, grassland, woodland, beaches	Mean minutes of MVPA per child across four days Inside Neighborhood: Total = 97.0, Boys = 115.6; Girls = 80.6; Urban 105.5; Rural = 79.1 Land use types Buildings: Total = 24.8; Boys = 29.0; Girls = 21.1; Urban = 28.3; Rural = 17.4 Other built land use: Total = 20.0; Boys = 22.3; Girls = 18.0; Urban = 22.4; Rural = 15.0 Roads and pavements: Total =16.1; Boys = 19.3; Girls = 13.4; Urban = 17.3; Rural = 13.8 Gardens: Total = 42; Boys = 54.2; Girls = 31.3; Urban = 46.9; Rural = 31.7 Parks: Total= 7.4; Boys= 10.4; Girls= 4.8; Urban = 6.5; Rural= 9.6 Farmland: Total = 14.5; Boys = 20.7; Girls = 9.0; Urban = 13.5; Rural = 16.6 Grassland: Total = 14.2; Boys = 16.2; Girls = 12.5; Urban = 3.6; Rural = 7.1 Woodland: Total = 4.4; Boys = 5.9; Girls = 3.0; Urban = 3.5; Rural = 6.1 Beaches: Total = 0.7; Boys = 0.7; Girls = 0.6; Urban = 0.4; Rural = 1.3 Mean minutes (SD) spent in MVPA bouts across four days Inside Neighborhood: Total = 24.9 (30.1); Boys = 34.9 (34.7); Girls = 16.0 (22.3); Urban = 25.7 (27.1); Rural = 23.1 (35.4) Land use types Buildings: Total = 2.8 (6.0); Boys = 4.1 (6.9); Girls = 1.7 (8.1); Urban = 3.4 (7.0); Rural = 1.5 (2.9) Other built land use: Total = 5.5 (10.7); Boys = 6.5 (11.5); Girls = 4.6 (10.3); Urban = 6.5 (11.6); Rural = 3.5 (8.1) Roads and pavements: Total = 7.5 (11.7); Boys = 10.4 (14.5); Girls = 4.9 (8.2); Urban = 7.9 (11.0); Rural = 6.7 (12.9) Gardens: Total = 9.6 (16.5); Boys = 14.6 (21.0); Girls = 5.1 (9.5); Urban = 11.0 (15.5); Rural = 6.6 (17.6) Parks: Total = 2.9 (10.0); Boys = 3.8 (11.2); Girls = 2.1 (9.3); Urban = 2.3 (8.9); Rural = 4.2 (11.6) Farmland: Total = 5.4 (14.8); Boys = 9.3 (19.9); Girls = 2.0 (6.8); Urban = 3.8 (12.4); Rural = 8.8 (18.1) Grassland: Total = 4.7 (12.7); Boys = 7.5 (17.4); Girls = 2.3 (5.2); Urban = 3.6 (5.7); Rural = 7.1 (20.0) Woodland: Total = 1.2 (2.8); Boys = 1.5 (2.9); Girls = 0.9 (2.9); Urban = 1.1 (2.9); Rural = 1.4 (2.6) Beaches: Total = 0.2 (1.7); Boys = 0.1 (0.8); Girls = 0.3 (2.7); Urban = 0.1 (0.6); Rural = 0.5 (2.8) Significant difference between boys and girls at p < 0.001	(1;2)
Klinker et al., 2014, Denmark [52]	n = 367, n_male = 175 (47.7%), n_female=192 Age = 11 to 16 years; M = 13.2 (SD = 1.2) years	Qstarz BT-Q1000X GPS, ActiGraph GT3X, 7 days	MPA ≥ 2296 VPA ≥ 4012	School grounds (10 m buffer), Clubs (10 m buffer), Sport facilities (10 m buffer), Playgrounds (10 m buffer), Urban green space (10 m buffer), Shopping centers (10 m buffer), School, Home (10 m buffer)	Daily median minutes of MVPA (IQR) by gender School grounds (in leisure time): boys = 2.8 (1.5–7.3); girls = 2.2 (1.3–4.3) Clubs: boys = 0.2 (0.0–1.3); girls = 0.0 (0.0–0.4) Sport facilities: boys =0.2 (0.0–4.8); girls = 0.0 (0.0–0.5) ** Playgrounds: boys = 0.0 (0.0–0.5); girls = 0.0 (0.0–0.3)* Urban green space: boys = 1.9 (0.5–4.4); girls = 1.5 (0.3–3.6)* Shopping center: boys = 0.0 (0.0–0.0); girls = 0.0 (0.0–0.0) School: boys = 24.9 (15.9–35.6); girls = 18.8 (13.0–25.8)** Home: boys = 4.8 (2.3–10.3); girls = 6.5 (3.0–12.8) Significant differences between boys and girls at p < 0.05, and *p < 0.01 Daily median minutes of MVPA (IQR) by age School grounds (in leisure time): children = 3.3 (1.8–7.2); adolescents = 1.8 (1.0–3.1) Clubs: children = 0.0 (0.0–0.9); adolescents = 0.1 (0.0–0.5) Sport facilities: children = 0.0 (0.0–1.3); adolescents = 0.1 (0.0–1.3) Playgrounds: children = 0.0 (0.0–0.5); adolescents = 0.0 (0.0–0.3) Urban green space: children = 1.6 (0.3–3.6); adolescents = 1.8 (0.4–4.3) Shopping center: children = 0.0 (0.0–0.0); adolescents = 0.0 (0.0–0.0) School: children = 23.9 (17.1–34.9); adolescents = 17.5 (12.1–25.5) Home: children = 5.6 (2.6–13.3); adolescents= 5.5 (2.6–10.4)	(2;3;5)
Kneeshaw-Price et al., 2013, USA [53]	n = 682, n_male = 342, n_female = 340; Age = 6 to 11 years; M = 9.1 (SD= 1.6) years	Location logbook, ActiGraph GT1M, 7 days	MVPA ≥ 3MET (Freedson equation: MET = 2.757 + (0.00 15 × cpm) -(0.08957 × age (year)) -(0.000038 × cpm × age (year)))	Home (if parent lists “front yard” or “backyard” in place log; this is also considered home); School; Neighborhood (child active in the area around home or neighborhood but not at a specific place, no address needed); Others’ homes; Other schools; Public, outdoor parks and recreation facilities; Public, indoor recreation facilities, Private recreation facilities; Service locations, Shopping; Food eateries.	Average daily MVPA (SD) in minutes in each location Home: Total = 62.6 (36.7); Boys_6–8 = 83.4 (40.4)^d; Boys_9–11 = 50.3 (31.2)^b; Girls_6–8 = 76.2 (33.8)^c; Girls_9–11 = 41.0 (21.3)^a School: Total = 37.6 (27.4); Boys_6–8 = 46.9 (33.5)^d; Boys_9–11 = 34.4 (23.5); Girls_6–8 = 41.4 (28.6); Girls_9–11 = 28.0 (18.4)^a Others’ homes: Total = 10.1 (13.8); Boys_6–8 = 12.6 (18.7); Boys_9–11 = 9.2 (11.2); Girls_6–8 = 11.1 (13.8); Girls_9–11 = 7.7 (9.3) Service locations: Total = 8.0 (14.9); Boys_6–8 = 12.0 (22.0)^d; Boys_9–11 = 6.2 (10.1); Girls_6–8 = 9.0 (15.4); Girls_9–11 = 4.9 (7.2)^a Public; outdoor parks; rec: Total = 6.9 (10.9); Boys_6–8 = 8.5 (11.9)^d; Boys_9–11 = 8.9 (12.1)^d; Girls_6–8 = 5.8 (10.7); Girls_9–11 = 4.2 (7.5)^a;c Shopping: Total= 3.2 (4.7); Boys_6–8= 3.8 (5.7); Boys_9–11= 2.1 (2.8)^b; Girls_6–8= 4.4 (5.9)^c; Girls_9–11 = 2.4 (3.0) Other Schools: Total = 3.3 (8.1); Boys_6–8 = 3.4 (8.4); Boys_9–11 = 4.7 (9.3); Girls_6–8 = 3.1 (7.4); Girls_9–11 = 3.1 (7.4) Food eateries: Total = 1.3 (2.3); Boys_6–8 = 1.8 (3.0); Boys_9–11 = 0.9 (2.0); Girls_6–8 = 1.3 (2.2); Girls_9–11 = 1.1 (1.9) Private rec. facilities: Total = 3.1 (6.4); Boys_6–8 = 3.2 (6.5); Boys_9–11 = 2.4 (4.8); Girls_6–8 = 3.4 (6.0); Girls9–11 = 3.3 (7.9) Public; indoor rec facilities: Total = 1.8 (8.0); Boys_6–8 = 3.0 (11.9); Boys_9–11 = 1.7 (6.3); Girls_6–8 = 1.8 (7.0); Girls_9–11 = 0.9 (5.4) Neighborhood: Total = 2.1 (6.5); Boys_6–8 = 2.0 (5.3); Boys_9–11 = 2.6 (9.1); Girls_6–8 = 1.7 (5.3); Girls_9–11 = 2.1 (5.2) ^aSignificantly different from boys 6–8 years old; ^bSignificantly different from girls 6–8 years old; ^cSignificantly different from boys 9–11 years old; ^dSignificantly different from girls 9–11 years old p < 0.004	(1;2;3;5)
Lachowycz et al., 2012, UK [54]	n = 902, 52.5% female Age = 11 to 12 years	Garmin Fortrex 201 GPS on 4 school days (3pm-10pm) and 1 weekend day (8am-10pm), ActiGraph GT1M, 7 days	ST < 100 cpm LPA = 100–2296 cpm MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	School grounds greenspace (land identified as grassland within area clearly defined as primary or secondary school); parks (formal: organized layout and structured path network aiming for aesthetic enjoyment, and generally well maintained; informal—design with emphasis on informal recreation; natural: habitats providing access to nature, such as heathland, woodland, wetland; young persons: areas designed for use by children or teenagers, including those with play and games equipment; sports: areas for organized and competitive sports, such as playing fields and tennis courts); private gardens; other greenspace (vegetated areas not defined as public parks, including private sports and recreation facilities, cemeteries, golf courses, gardens of publicly accessible buildings such as universities and hospitals); roads/pavements, green verges (small areas of vegetated land with grass or fragmentary vegetation, e.g., in center of roundabouts and narrow strips or banks of vegetation alongside pavements); built surfaces (car parks, pedestrianized thoroughfares)	Mean minutes of daily PA (SD) on weekdays (n = 614) Greenspace (overall): ST = 6.0 (16.1); LPA = 3.5 (7.9); MVPA = 2.4 (4.8) Parks (all types): ST = 1.1 (6.8); LPA = 1.2 (7.8); MVPA = 0.7 (4.7) Parks formal: ST = 0.2 (3.0); LPA = 0.3 (4.1); MVPA = 0.2 (3.3) Parks informal: ST = 0.5 (4.9); LPA = 0.4 (4.1); MVPA = 0.2 (1.6) Parks natural: ST = 0.1 (2.3); LPA = 0.1 (1.5); MVPA = 0.1 (1.1) Parks sports: ST = 0.1 (10.2); LPA = 0.1 (10.6); MVPA = 0.1 (7.4) Parks young persons: ST = 0.2 (4.0); LPA = 0.3 (6.6); MVPA = 0.1 (3.4) Private gardens: ST = 4.8 (15.1); LPA = 2.2 (4.2); MVPA = 1.6 (2.8) School grounds greenspace: ST = 0.1 (5.5); LPA = 0.1 (5.2); MVPA = 0.1 (3.3) Other greenspace: ST = 0.01 (0.5); LPA = 0.01 (0.5); MVPA = 0.01 (0.4) Roads/pavements: ST = 2.8 (7.2); LPA = 2.0 (3.7); MVPA = 1.9 (3.2) Green verges: ST = 0.3 (2.7); LPA = 0.2 (2.3); MVPA = 0.2 (1.8) Built surfaces: ST = 5.5 (12.4); LPA = 3.4 (6.1); MVPA =2.6 (4.4) Mean minutes of daily PA (SD) on weekend days (n = 301) Greenspace (overall): ST = 9.0 (26.9); LPA = 6.1 (15.7); MVPA = 3.5 (9.1) Parks (all types): ST = 3.4 (19.1); LPA = 3.5 (16.7); MVPA = 2.2 (10.5) Parks formal: ST = 0.5 (8.7); LPA = 0.7 (8.5); MVPA = 0.4 (4.3) Parks informal: ST = 1.0 (11.9); LPA = 1.1 (7.7); MVPA = 0.7 (5.0) Parks natural: ST = 0.7 (15.2); LPA = 0.6 (8.8); MVPA = 0.5 (6.6) Parks sports: ST = 0.1 (3.2); LPA = 0.1 (1.9); MVPA = 0.05 (1.2) Parks young persons: ST = 1.0 (19.1); LPA = 1.0 (13.9); MVPA = 0.6 (7.6) Private gardens: ST = 5.6 (23.4); LPA = 2.5 (7.7); MVPA = 1.2 (3.2) School grounds greenspace: ST = 0.1 (2.5); LPA = 0.1 (5.1); MVPA = 0.1 (1.8) Other greenspace: ST = 0.03 (1.3); LPA = 0.01 (0.4); MVPA = 0.01 (0.3) Roads/pavements: ST = 3.9 (12.5); LPA = 2.2 (7.6); MVPA = 1.6 (6.5) Green verges: ST = 0.6 (7.0); LPA = 0.5 (5.1); MVPA = 0.3 (2.7) Built surfaces: ST = 7.1 (14.1); LPA = 4.2 (9.3); MVPA = 2.2(7.1)	(1;2;5)
Matisziw et al., 2016, USA [55]	n = 134, n_male = 72, n_female = 62 Age = 9 to 12 years	Qstarz BT-1300 GPS, ActiGraph, 3 × 11 days	MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Park/open space vegetated, residential vegetated, commercial vegetated, industrial vegetated, agriculture vegetated, institutional vegetated, institutional built, residential built, commercial built, industrial built, park/open space built, transportation built, water	Average minutes of MVPA before school, after school, on weekends Park/open space vegetated: Before school = 0.4; After school = 17.6; Weekend = 17.5 Residential vegetated: Before school = 0.1; After school = 2.9; Weekend = 1.8 Commercial vegetated: Before school = 0.0; After school = 0.3; Weekend = 0.6 Industrial vegetated: Before school = 0.0; After school = 0.0; Weekend = 0.0 Agriculture vegetated: Before school = 0.0; After school = 0.7; Weekend = 0.5 Institutional vegetated: Before school = 0.0; After school = 0.0; Weekend = 0.0 Institutional built: Before school = 13.1; After school = 7.3; Weekend = 2.8 Residential built: Before school = 17.6; After school = 130.6; Weekend = 84.3 Commercial built: Before school = 0.6; After school = 11.1; Weekend = 9.6 Industrial built: Before school = 0.0; After school = 0.8; Weekend = 0.7 Park/open space built: Before school = 0.0; After school = 1.8; Weekend = 0.4 Transportation built: Before school = 0.1; After school = 0.4; Weekend = 0.3 Water: Before school = 0.0; After school = 0.1; Weekend = 0.1	(1;2)
Moore et al., 2014, UK [56]	n = 28, n_male = 11, n_female = 17 Age = 11 to 14 years; M = 11.8 years	QStarz BT-Q1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X, 7 days	MVPA ≥ 2220 cpm (in bouts ≥ 3 minutes)	Home, school, street, rural/urban green space	Mean minutes of MVPA (SD) during 7-day period School: 40.2 (35.1) Streets: 28.1 (43.8) Home: 11.8 (18.2) Rural/Urban green: 4.8 (14.5)	(1;2;3;5)
Oreskovic et al., 2012, USA [57]	n = 24, 41.7% maleAge = 11 to 12years	Forerunner 201 GPS, ActiGraph GT1M, 3 × 7 days	MPA = 1952–5724 cpm VPA ≥ 5725 cpm	Home (25 m buffer), school (100 m buffer), park/playground, street/walking	Total minutes of MVPA Home: 670 School: 169 Park/playground: 217 Street/walking: 833	(1;2;3;5)
Oreskovic et al., 2015, USA [58]	n = 80, n_male = 35, n_female = 45 Age = 11 to 14 years; M = 12.6 (SD = 1.1) years	Qstarz BT-Q1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X, 2 × 7 days	ST < 100 cpm MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Home (40 m buffer), school (40 m buffer), park, playground, street/sidewalk	Median daily minutes (IQR) of daily MVPA and ST (where reported) School: MVPA = 8 (5–12); ST = 87 (63–110) Home: MVPA = 4 (2–8); ST = 50 (40–69) Streets/Sidewalks: MVPA = 5 (3–9) Playground: MVPA = 3 (1–6) Park: MVPA = 2 (1–4)	(1;2;3;5)
Rainham et al., 2012, Canada [59]	n = 316, 47% female, n_Urban = 91, n_Suburban = 102, n_Rural = 123 Age = 12 to 16 years; M = 13.3 (SD = 0.92) years	EM-408 SiRF III 12-channel GPS, ActiGraph™ GT1M, 8 days	unclear	Home, School	Mean minutes of MVPA (SD) Home Urban: 20.8 (25.1); Low SES (n = 54) = 17.7 (19.9); High SES (n = 37) = 25.8 (30.8) Suburban: 20.0 (29.5); Low SES (n = 79) = 16.7 (25.2); High SES (n = 23) = 31.0 (39.5) Rural: 20.4 (29.2); Low SES (n = 73) = 22.0 (30.2); High SES (n = 50) = 18.0 (27.9) School Urban: 45.7 (45.2); Low SES (n = 54) = 39.2 (42.9); High SES (n = 37) = 55.3 (47.4) Suburban: 18.6 (28.0); Low SES (n = 79) = 16.0 (19.9); High SES (n = 23) = 27.6 (45.8) Rural: 29.8 (39.7); Low SES (n = 73) = 38.9 (46.8); High SES (n = 50) = 16.5 (20.1)	(3;5)
Remmers et al., 2019, NL [60]	n = 255 n_male = 117 n_female = 138 Age = 10 to 12; M = 12.1 (SD= 10.5) years	Qstarz BT-Q1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X, 7 days afterschool time segment	LPA = 101–2295 cpm MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Home (within 10 m of self-reported residential parcel) School (within 10 m of geo-referenced parcel) Sports facilities (within 10 m of geo-referenced parcel) Shopping centers (within 10 m of geo-referenced parcel) Afterschool childcare (within 10 of geo-referenced parcel)	Unadjusted median daily minutes (IQR) of afterschool LPA Residential parcel (home): Total = 89.8 (57.4) School grounds: Total = 15.5 (33.0) Sports grounds: Total = 54.8 (34.7) Afterschool childcare: Total = 10.0 (21.7) Shopping centers: Total = 44.5 (58.5) Unadjusted median daily minutes (IQR) of afterschool MVPA: Residential parcel (home): Total = 8.3 (14.2);Boys mean= 2.8 (SD = 0.2); Girls mean = 3.7 (SD = 0.4)* School grounds: Total = 13.5 (35.0); Boys mean = 2.8 (SD = 4.9); Girls mean = 0.9 (SD = 0.1)* Sports grounds: Total = 41.0 (29.3); boys mean = 13.8 (1.3); girls mean = 7.7 (0.9)* Afterschool childcare: Total = 2.2 (13.2) Shopping centers: Total = 8.0 (11.0) Significant difference between boys and girls at * p < 0.05	(2;3;5)
Robinson et al., 2013, USA [61]	n = 31, n_male = 9, n_female = 22 Age = 11 to 14 years; M = 12 years	QStarz BT-Q1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X, 2x7 days	MVPA ≥ 2296 cpm	Census-defined Neighborhood, Youth-identified neighborhood (defined for subjects as area(s) in which they live and where they spend their time)	Average daily minutes of MVPA Census-Defined Neighborhood: 9.5 Youth-Identified Neighborhood: 14.7	(1)
Van Kann et al., 2016, NL [62]	n = 257, n_male = 120, n_female = 137 Age = 8 to 11 years	QStarz, BT-Q1000XT GPS, ActiGraph GT3X, 5 days	ST < 101 cpm MVPA > 2295 cpm	Schoolyard (10 m buffer)	Mean daily minutes of MVPA (SD) on schoolyard Morning recess: Total (n = 172) = 1.97 (1.96); Boys (n = 82) = 2.43 (2.21); Girls = 1.55 (1.60) Afternoon recess: Total (n = 167) = 4.83 (4.40); Boys (n = 76) = 5.88 (4.53); Girls (n = 91) = 3.96 (4.11) Outside school hours: Total (n = 153) = 1.58 (1.88); Boys (n = 69) = 1.83 (2.18); Girls (n = 84) = 1.38 (1.58) Schoolyard total day: Total (n = 117) = 8.67 (6.34); Boys (n = 52) = 10.48 (6.59); Girls (n = 65) = 7.22 (5.79) Mean daily minutes of ST (SD) on schoolyard Morning recess: Total = 4.23 (3.12); Boys = 3.51 (3.12); Girls = 4.89 (2.99) Afternoon recess: Total = 8.95 (7.28); Boys = 8.67 (7.11); Girls = 9.18 (7.45) Outside school hours; Total = 6.38 (5.96); Boys = 6.54 (7.2); Girls = 6.26 (4.74) Schoolyard total day: Total = 20.16 (12.0); Boys = 18.82 (12.62); Girls = 21.24 (11.46) Significant differences between boys and girls at **p ≤ 0.01	(5)
Wheeler et al., 2010, UK [63]	n = 1053, n_male = 495, n_female = 558 Age = 10 to 11 years; M = 10.9 years	Garmin Fortrex 201 GPS, 4 of 7 days (school days between end of school and bedtime), ActiGraph GT1M, 7 days	MVPA ≥ 3200 cpm	Outdoors in greenspace area (within 400 km², of Bristol), outdoors not greenspace area (400 km²)	Mean daily minutes MVPA (SD) per personOutdoors; in greenspace: Boys = 2.48 (5.54); Girls = 1.47 (4.34) Outdoors; not greenspace: Boys = 5.52 (8.02); Girls = 4.72 (7.16) Total MVPA minutes across four days: Outdoors; in greenspace: Boys = 2218; Girls = 1477 Outdoors; not greenspace: Boys = 6306; Girls = 6281	(2)

Abbreviations: n, sample size; n, subsample; M, mean; GPS, global positioning system; ST, sedentary time; cpm, counts per minute; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; MET, metabolic equivalent; SES, socio-economic status; bpm = beats per minutes; VPA, vigorous physical activity; LPA, light physical activity; MPA = moderate physical activity. Behavior settings: (1) Neighborhood environment; (2) Recreational Environment; (3) Home environment; (5) School environment. Note that only differences between sex/gender groups were marked as statistically significant, where applicable. Other group differences were not marked.